What's the difference between countervail and refutation?
Countervail
Definition:
(v. t.) To act against with equal force, power, or effect; to thwart or overcome by such action; to furnish an equivalent to or for; to counterbalance; to compensate.
(n.) Power or value sufficient to obviate any effect; equal weight, strength, or value; equivalent; compensation; requital.
Example Sentences:
(1) He strongly welcomes the rise of the NGO movement, which combines with media coverage to produce the beginning of some "countervailing power" to the larger corporations and the traditional policies of first world governments.
(2) The genesis of the modern ischemic forearm exercise test (IFET) employing the measurement of lactate and ammonia as countervailing metabolites is briefly reviewed, along with the application of the lactate ammonia exercise ratio in the diagnosis of myoadenylate deaminase deficiency and disorders of glycolysis and glycogenolysis.
(3) We conclude that both renal and adrenal actions of ANF can be rendered ineffective by countervailing mechanisms, suggesting an explanation for the apparent lack of biological activity of endogenously elevated plasma NAF in some disease states.
(4) He is less of a natural autocrat than Thatcher, but he has faced less effective opposition from rival Ministers, opposition parties or countervailing bodies.
(5) The battle between countervailing factions in the Trump White House continues to ebb and flow, but the president’s reflexes in times of adversity lead him to fall back on the “America First” narrative that got him elected in the first place.
(6) A further consequence is that, in the absence of countervailing human rights protections, anti-terrorism laws have created new precedents, understandings, expectations and political conventions about the proper limits of government in Australia.
(7) Although multiple factors, including lactic acidosis, might have countervailed the effect of her hypermagnesemia on the AG, there is no actual substantiation in the literature of an association between increased serum Mg and AG lowering.
(8) Various sources of non-market (collective) failure are then identified, as countervailing argument.
(9) It also warns that tax credits – the Labour's government's method of preventing stagnating incomes – will no longer be able to act as a countervailing force owing to the need to cut the deficit.
(10) Calling for legislation that would put workers on the boards of all but the smallest companies, the pair note: "What matters most for reducing inequality is the strength of progressive politics as a countervailing voice in society.
(11) All others had to shadow, with no countervailing leverage.
(12) Over the last generation, the weakening of trade unions’ countervailing market power has seen around 5.5% of GDP being moved permanently from the workforce to shareholders.
(13) It is in fact established that the incidence of endometrial adenocarcinomas is augmented by the application of a continuous oestrogenic without countervailing progestational-stimulus.
(14) Countervailing trends in the use of convenience foods and dining out increase the difficulty for individuals to lower sodium intake.
(15) Thus, they were providing the countervailing force that is a necessary component of accountability when the persons to be served are a powerless group.
(16) A better approach to maternal-fetal conflicts emphasizes mutually held goals rather than countervailing rights and uses the doctrine of informed consent to enhance the pregnant woman's ability to make responsible choices for both herself and her fetus.
(17) One major conclusion is that while school counselors and, to a lesser extent, classroom teachers often expressed the feeling that they should be more proactive and supportive as professionals committed to the welfare of all of their students, due to countervailing expressions of high levels of personal prejudice, ignorance, and fear, the realities of their professional intervention and support were negligible.
(18) This countervailing force would disseminate objective drug information to clinicians through 2,000 therapeutic consultants, subsidize professional journals and schools, develop regional drug information centers, and conduct a variety of related functions.
(19) "If great pressure is coming from above for cuts there has to be an equal, indeed more powerful, countervailing pressure from below, from the people," said Gibbons.
(20) Second, biocultural games on average exhibit greater equilibrium strategy diversity because of the countervailing influences of cultural transmission and natural selection.
Refutation
Definition:
(n.) The act or process of refuting or disproving, or the state of being refuted; proof of falsehood or error; the overthrowing of an argument, opinion, testimony, doctrine, or theory, by argument or countervailing proof.
Example Sentences:
(1) The operational meaning of all the resulting theorems is that when any of them appear to be refuted experimentally, the presence of more than one parallel transport pathway (that is, of membrane heterogeneity transverse to the direction of transport) can be inferred and analyzed.
(2) The results presented refute arguments that these enzymes proceed by a concerted mechansim and support the intermediacy of aminoacyladenylates.
(3) Theories of urea formation during allantoin degradation in Glycine max have been recently refuted.
(4) A mitochondriogenic mechanism of calcification could not be confirmed nor refuted by this study.
(5) The probability that the initial situation is correct--the proband and the cohabitant's six children are all legitimate-is "practically refuted": W = 0.03%.
(6) The IFS says similar declines emerge if you set the figure as low as 40% of median income – utterly refuting Nick Clegg's toxic line dismissing the threshold as just "poverty plus a pound" .
(7) Molly Prince, managing director of the company, refuted the Guardian story with some lustily expressed but random facts: "CPUK have not only purchased tents for everyone (some stewards wanted to use their own but it was too wet to put them up, they insisted in having a go!).
(8) The need for neighboring states to use their data to confirm or refute findings is stressed.
(9) Hume, whose grantmaking credentials include leading a £500m cancer and palliative care grant programme for the Big Lottery Fund, refutes the notion that hospices will lose out.
(10) Additional studies are highly desirable to confirm or refute these findings, which, if valid, mean increasing lung cancer hazards caused by a decrease in ventilation in future energy saving unless special measures are undertaken to reduce radon daughters in dwellings.
(11) This did not happen and, on the evidence presented in this paper, the Fry theory of the pathogenesis of the deviated nasal septum is refuted.
(12) Marshall refuted claims CSIRO was moving away from public good scientific research , labelling it disturbing and untrue.
(13) This explanation was refuted, as all thymic subpopulations were found to express CD1, albeit with differences in antigen density, whereas all extrathymic subpopulations lack CD1.
(14) Location of En at the MN locus would not, however, refute the theory that Wra and Wrb cannot function in the absence of En.
(15) The hypothesis that the function of recA gene is to convert the unidirectionally replicating machinery in the free state to the bidirectionally replicating one in the integrated state is refuted accordingly.
(16) Observation refutes Freud's often quoted statement that masturbation is further removed from the nature of women than of men.
(17) Use of such data led to a false impression of drug efficacy, an impression later refuted when proper control studies demonstrated that the range of disease was much greater than had been previously supposed.
(18) Results refute the assertion that people who stutter are more anxious or depressed than those who do not.
(19) The claim made by astrologers that people can be characterized according to their sign of the zodiac (sagitarius, taurus, cancer, scorpion) must be refuted.
(20) Predictions from the chiasma map can be confirmed or refuted only by genetic evidence for which the estimates of this paper serve as initial values to begin maximum likelihood iteration.