(1) There were few differences in eating behaviour, although the cravers tended to consume slightly more daily energy than the non-cravers.
(2) Other authors have disputed hypothetical regulation of carbohydrate intake by serotonin and doubt the existence of true carbohydrate cravers.
(3) Responses to the meal differed significantly: noncarbohydrate cravers reported feeling considerably less alert, more fatigued and sleepy, while carbohydrate cravers described little or no change in these aspects of mood.
(4) The cravers had higher ratings of boredom and anxiety during the day, and dysphoric mood was prominent prior to the cravings themselves.
(5) Carbohydrate cravers consume most or all snacks as carbohydrate-rich foods despite the equal accessibility of protein-rich snacks.
(6) About half of the female cravers show a very well defined craving peak for chocolate in the perimenstrual period, beginning from a few days before the onset of menses and extending into the first few days of menses.
(7) Moreover, noncarbohydrate cravers experienced an increase in depression, while carbohydrate cravers reported feeling less depressed.
(8) While self-reported cravers of carbohydrates were significantly more likely to drop out during the first month of treatment than noncravers, this result does not appear to be related to differences in depression, disinhibition, or cognitive restraint.
(9) Noncarbohydrate cravers consume about equal amounts of protein- and carbohydrate-rich snack foods.
(10) In "carbohydrate cravers", dexfenfluramine reduces total food intake by selectively reducing carbohydrate snacks without reducing protein intake significantly.
(11) Thus, a reduction in the motivation to eat and fewer snacking episodes were seen in volunteers treated with the drug, while total caloric and carbohydrate (but not protein) intakes were reduced in obese carbohydrate cravers.
(12) Additionally, evidence that dF improves eating symptoms and dysphoric impairments in obese cravers, premenstrual syndrome, seasonal affective disorder, and smoking withdrawal syndrome has been presented.