What's the difference between diamide and hydrazine?
Diamide
Definition:
(n.) Any compound containing two amido groups united with one or more acid or negative radicals, -- as distinguished from a diamine. Cf. Amido acid, under Amido, and Acid amide, under Amide.
Example Sentences:
(1) In intact cell preparations, diamide produced a slow tonic contraction, consistent with myofibril activation.
(2) Moreover, the accelerated rate of methylglucose uptake produced by diamide treatment is not inhibited by cytochalasin B, an agent that blocks basal and insulin-stimulated methylglucose transport.
(3) The thiol oxidizing agent diamide inhibited both vaso- and bronchoconstriction induced by H2O2, AA, or U-44069.
(4) Liver was the most responsive to these agents in that all 11 chemicals increased MT concentrations in liver, with diethyl maleate, paraquat, and diamide producing 20- to 30-fold increases.
(5) This study deals with the effects of the SH oxidizing agent diamide (diazene dicarboxylic acid bis-(N,N-dimethyl-amide)) on the water-soluble proteins from rabbit lenses.
(6) Following the complete GSH oxidation diamide impaired the turnover of PIP and PA dramatically.
(7) Furthermore, we observed cross-resistance and self-tolerance with three seemingly unrelated stimuli (diamide, heat, and sodium arsenite).
(8) The diamide inhibition was reversible, and H2O2-induced vaso- and bronchoconstriction was almost maximal after 10 min of perfusion with buffer.
(9) After mild treatment of spectrin with 2.5 microM diamide, with formation of an average of only one disulfide bond, we observed a 50% reduction in the ability of protein 4.1 to amplify spectrin-actin binding.
(10) No additive effect was observed when the cells were simultaneously treated with diamide and verapamil.
(11) N-ethylmalemide and diamide irreversibly inhibited endocytosis of all ligands tested, whereas low pH in the cytosol strongly inhibited endocytosis of transferrin and EGF.
(12) A diamide concentration dependent IgG loading of erythrocytes was observed.
(13) These effects increase with diamide concentrations up to 2-2.5 mM and are persistent after removal of the reagent.
(14) Diamide oxidized intracellular glutathione in these cells and produced extensive protein S-thiolation.
(15) In isolated rat pancreatic islets, the effect of diamide and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) on forskolin- as well as on glucagon-induced elevation of cAMP was studied.
(16) Nutritional supplementation with Mn(II) favored occupancy of the MnSOD active site with manganese and allowed anaerobic accumulation of Mn2-MnSOD in the absence of diamide.
(17) Although NEM substantially potentiated the flow-induced release of prostacyclin (PGI2), probably due to a blockade of the reacylation of arachidonic acid, it inhibited the stimulated release of PGI2, whereas diamide did not significantly affect either release.
(18) A similar increase in the ability of diamide to cause anaerobic biosynthesis of active MnSOD was seen when the production of the MnSOD polypeptide was increased by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, in a strain bearing the MnSOD gene under the control of the tac promoter.
(19) Diamide caused anaerobic induction of active MnSOD and this effect was also observed in a glutathione-negative strain.
(20) Flow cytometric analysis of nitrofurantoin-treated spermatozoa showed that nitrofurantoin maintained the sperm disulfides formed by diamide and prevented the reduction of sperm disulfides back to sulfhydryls.
Hydrazine
Definition:
(n.) Any one of a series of nitrogenous bases, resembling the amines and produced by the reduction of certain nitroso and diazo compounds; as, methyl hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine, etc. They are derivatives of hydrazine proper, H2N.NH2, which is a doubled amido group, recently (1887) isolated as a stable, colorless gas, with a peculiar, irritating odor. As a base it forms distinct salts. Called also diamide, amidogen, (or more properly diamidogen), etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) The first comprises N1-[4-(4-alkyloxybenzamido)benzoyl]-N2-substituted alkylidene hydrazine, the second involves 1-[4-(4-alkyloxybenzamido)benzoyl]-4-alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl-3-thiosemicarbazides, and the third includes 1-substituted-5-[4-(4-alkyloxybenzamido)phenyl]-1,3,4-triazole-2-t hione.
(2) High resolution proton NMR spectroscopic analysis of urine also revealed resonances from several metabolites of hydrazine, an N-acetylcysteine conjugate of allyl alcohol, and acetamide as a metabolite of thioacetamide after dosing with the respective compounds.
(3) When hydrazine was used as the electron donor, no substrate inhibition was observed, suggesting that the inhibition resulted from reductant limitation.
(4) The hydrazine moiety liberated from isoniazid is primarily acetylhydrazine, and studies in animals show this metabolite to be converted to a potent acylating agent that produces liver necrosis.
(5) The weekly administration of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) by subcutaneous injection for a period of 16-20 weeks is a well known procedure for producing colonic tumors in mice and rats.
(6) The compounds were obtained by condensation of appropriate hydrazines with thiophene 2-carboxaldehyde (series 1), thiophene 3-carboxaldehyde (series 2), and 5-nitrothiophene-2-carboxaldehyde (series 3).
(7) After inhibition of monoamine synthesis by N'-(DL-SERYL)-N2-(2, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazine, substance P significantly accelerated the disappearance of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine.
(8) Embryotoxicity has been demonstrated at very high exposures but not at occupationally encountered levels for hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine.
(9) The characterization of the various disaccharides by Smith periodic acid degradation and glycosidase digestions was facilitated by the preparation and thin-layer chromatographic resolution of the complete series of monosulfated derivatives of anhydromannitol and anhydrotalitol; the sulfate esters were shown to be stable to both the hydrazine and nitrous acid treatments.
(10) This inactivation was very rapid but reversible, with regeneration of enzyme activity being spontaneous and hydrazine-accelerated, suggestive of the intermediacy of a stable acyl enzyme.
(11) Urinary excretion (0-24 h) of hydrazine and its metabolite acetylhydrazine were determined employing nitrogen-phosphorus detection of the adducts utilising a novel internal standard, pentafluorophenylhydrazine, the adduct of which structurally resembles DFBA.
(12) Modification of uridines with hydrazine has no effect on interaction with the enzyme, except for one uridine near the 3'-end of tRNA(Gly).
(13) With a specific gas chromatographic assay procedure, the amount of hydrazine in the 0- to 24-hr urine was determined in patients treated with various doses of hydralazine.
(14) A chromophoric hydrazide, 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-4-azobenzene sulfonyl hydrazide (DABS-hydrazide), was prepared from 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-4-azobenzene sulfonyl chloride by reaction with hydrazine.
(15) A GC procedure for the simultaneous determination of hydrazine and benzylhydrazine in isocarboxazid raw material and tablet formulations has been developed.
(16) Hydrazine sulfate compared with placebo addition to chemotherapy resulted in significantly greater caloric intake and albumin maintenance (P less than .05).
(17) The synthesis was achieved by reacting 3-benzylthiazolidin-2-one-4-thione with its 4-hydrazone derivative to give N,N'-bis(3-benzyl-2-oxo-4-thiazolidinylidene)hydrazine, which was subjected to dibromination followed by reaction with various primary aromatic amines.
(18) This study has demonstrated that the nasal respiratory epithelia of rats and hamsters are the most sensitive tissues to the tumorigenic action of hydrazine following inhalation exposures.
(19) In the study in mice described below, which was carried out according to modern guidelines, no carcinogenic action was detected for hydrazine even after the administration of toxic doses over the entire lifespan of the animals.
(20) It is concluded that hydrazine acts to produce and altered base, possibly N(4)-aminocytosine, that produces mutations by mispairing at replication rather than by error-prone repair.