(n.) The interbrain or thalamencephalon; -- sometimes abbreviated to dien. See Thalamencephalon.
Example Sentences:
(1) The data show, at an early stage of development (primary cultures, 8-10 days), a modulation of VIP- or forskolin-cyclic AMP response by the activators of protein kinase C, i.e., PMA and OAG, in two different structures of the central nervous system: the cerebral cortex and the diencephalon.
(2) The major cerebral lobes, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebellar tonsils, and spinal cord were studied.
(3) Effects of noxious electrical tooth stimulations and intraarterial administration of bradykinin or inhalation of volatile anesthetics on substance P content in the diencephalon-mesencephalon, pons-medulla and the spinal cord were examined in the rat.
(4) The activity of glycerophosphorylcholine phosphodiesterases was determined in the mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and olfactory bulb during postnatal development from P5 to P70 of rat brain.
(5) On the vertebral angiogram, displacement of these vessels is a sign of corresponding displacement of the temporal horn, which in turn is an indication of a mass involving the temporal lobe, diencephalon, or midbrain.
(6) See-saw nystagmus has been seen with tumors of the parasellar region and diencephalon, brain-stem vascular lesions, syringobulbia, and after trauma.
(7) Levels of acetylcholine were significantly elevated in the telencephalon and diencephalon + mesencephalon of rats killed by near-freezing during conditioned suppression of food-reinforced lever pressing, whereas levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine were not altered.
(8) Although the general distribution of CA cell bodies in human diencephalon observed in the present study is similar to that in other mammals, there are some significant differences.
(9) On Northern analysis, the probe identified a single species of mRNA of approximately 2.9 kb, present at highest levels in the striatum but also found in the brainstem, neocortex and diencephalon.
(10) The present study has demonstrated a much wider and more abundant distribution of NPYI structures in the forebrain and diencephalon than earlier studies in which antisera against avian pancreatic polypeptide or bovine pancreatic polypeptide were used, suggesting that NPY is involved in a variety of brain functions.
(11) The analgesic effect of cyclazocine microinjected into the diencephalon of rats was studied by using the bradykinin-induced flexor reflex test.
(12) ACh levels in the cortex, corpus striatum, midbrain, diencephalon and brainstem of TD rats were comparable to those observed in the control groups.
(13) Moreover, the presence of 5HT- and OX-immunoreactive processes in contiguity with medullary CA cells that send fibers to the diencephalon indicates that the raphe nuclei and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus can directly influence ascending pathways that are known to innervate the hypothalamus and appear to effect changes in vasopressin release.
(14) Recently, cerebellar and retinal connections of the diencephalon in mormyrids were reported.
(15) This paper reports a study of the development of cells that project to the retina from the telencephalic nucleus olfactoretinalis and the diencephalon.
(16) Rats after adrenalectomy-testectomy showed a gradual increase in diencephalon 3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid: (acceptor) delta4-oxidoreductase (5 alpha-reductase) activity for 3 days.
(17) The results indicate that neurons in several distinct areas of the caudal diencephalon and brainstem are both immunocytochemically labeled for GABA and retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase.
(18) Retinae from embryonic mice were transplanted to the occipital cortex of neonatal rats together with their normal target regions, tectum or diencephalon, from embryonic mice or rats.
(19) Glycine receptors were concentrated in the lower brainstem, whereas no immunoreactivity was observed in the diencephalon and forebrain except in a few diencephalic nuclei.
(20) The current study used light microscopic immunocytochemistry to demonstrate and compare neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-IR) in the diencephalon of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) at different stages in its annual cycle of activity and hibernation.
Forebrain
Definition:
(n.) The anterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the prosencephalon and thalamencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the prosencephalon only. See Brain.
Example Sentences:
(1) We assessed changes in brain water content, as reflected by changes in tissue density, during the early recirculation period following severe forebrain ischemia.
(2) To study these changes more thoroughly, specific monoclonal antibodies of the A and B subunits of calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B) were raised, and regional alterations in the immunoreactivity of calcineurin in the rat hippocampus were investigated after a transient forebrain ischemic insult causing selective and delayed hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell damage.
(3) The analogy with infant sleep patterns and results of studies of brain function in narcoleptics suggest that forebrain inhibitory processes are more important in narcoleptic symptomology than is brainstem dysfunction.
(4) Neural plate damage, expressed during a critical period of forebrain development, was evaluated 48 h post-insonation.
(5) This result contraindicates a general permissive-requisite role for forebrain NE for the mammalian brain's plasticity during its critical periods.
(6) Key findings include a progressive degeneration of these cholinergic neurons characterized by the formation of immunoreactively atypical NFT, the loss of intraneuronal lipofuscin, a lack of senile plaque and beta-amyloid deposition within the basal forebrain, and end-stage gliosis without residual extracellular NFT.
(7) The hypothalamus is a most complex part of the CNS having rich interconnections with forebrain, limbic and brainstem structures.
(8) Results suggest that the locomotor activating effects of CRF may be due to an activation of CRF receptors in the ventral forebrain, a region rich in CRF cell bodies and projections.
(9) Sixty days after 5,7-DHT administration, immunoreactive serotonin in the forebrain, particularly the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflets, was severely depleted in 16 animals, moderately depleted in four and only slightly affected in four.
(10) Twelve-hour polygraph recordings were made before and at various intervals after basal forebrain damage in a total of eight cats.
(11) Impairments of cognition and memory in AD result from disease of neurons in a number of regions, including brainstem, basal forebrain, amygdala, hippocampus, and neocortex.
(12) Patients with bilateral forebrain disease may commonly manifest the syndrome of pathologic laughing and weeping.
(13) Ovariectomized (OVXed) animals were implanted with chronic cannulas in the basal forebrain.
(14) Thus, neurons of the habenula and interpeduncular nucleus are under the direct and indirect influence of septal neurons within the limbic forebrain circuit.
(15) A detailed description is offered on supply of the nucleus preopticus medialis, lateralis, suprachiasmatis and periventricularis, as well as of the nucleus interstitialis striae criminalis and of the preoptic portion of the medical forebrain bundle.
(16) The regional distribution of forebrain neurons expressing preprocholecystokinin (preproCCK) mRNA was examined using in situ and blot hybridization analysis.
(17) Some LC neurones were activated trans-synaptically by stimulation of those forebrain sites which received axonal projections from LC.
(18) Other antidromically activated neurons in the vasodepressor region may be inhibitory vasomotor cells with a function relatively independent of baroreceptor inputs, or they may be A1 catecholamine neurons, with axons passing through the rostral medulla en route to the forebrain.
(19) Fewer, but still ample numbers, of SP-reactive axons are present also in the ventral tegmental and retrorubral areas of the midbrain tegmentum and in the ventral pallidum of the basal forebrain, but only sparse ME-reactive axons are present in these areas.
(20) 5-HT containing terminals and fibers also were observed in the mesencephalon and appeared to run rostrally in the medial part of the medial forebrain bundle.