(1) Approximately a third of patients had stools that were positive for C difficile by either toxin or culture.
(2) Nosocomial acquisition of C. difficile has been documented.
(3) The surviving test hamsters were killed after 14 days and, in most cases, were colonised by C. difficile, though levels of toxins A and B in caecal contents were low.
(4) A mutant of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (Don cells), resistant against Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, was isolated after mutagenization with ethylmethanesulphonate and a two-step selection with toxin B.
(5) When diarrhoea occurs in patients under antibiotics pseudomembranous colitis due to the proliferation of Clostridium difficile must be suspected; the diagnosis is suggested by endoscopy and confirmed by bacteriology.
(6) This study indicates that ELISAs for detection of C. difficile toxins are not as reliable as the cytotoxicity assay in the laboratory diagnosis of CDRED, and that clinical correlation is essential in the evaluation of any new test for CDRED.
(7) Direct inoculation to cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar and broth was compared with alcohol shock-chopped meat broth inoculation for optimal detection of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples.
(8) Almost all cases of Clostridium difficile-related pseudomembranous colitis are related to antimicrobial therapy.
(9) difficile may persist in the stools in spite of the resolution of symptoms after treatment and this may cause the relapse.
(10) 96.4% (212 of 220) strains of C difficile were immediately differentiated from 51 other Clostridium spp tested.
(11) The highest cell concentrations tested completely inactivated C. difficile cytotoxin by 2 min.
(12) In this investigation, the role of antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in protecting hamsters against C. difficile-associated ileocecitis was examined.
(13) Results of these studies suggest that dogs may constitute a reservoir of Clostridium difficile.
(14) Clostridium difficile-associated disease is a nosocomial infection that can be associated with short courses of prophylactic antibiotics.
(15) Cytotoxin B was also present in cecal homogenates of diarrheic animals with C. difficile.
(16) and Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter difficile and Alkalegenes faecalis were the pathogens associated with a high mortality rate.
(17) Testing for antibiotic residues in the feed was negative, and C. difficile was not isolated from feed, water, or feces of unaffected hamsters.
(18) There was new appearance of Clostridium difficile in four subjects and of Staphylococcus aureus in one; four new strains of Enterobacteriaceae appeared.
(19) Environmental studies were performed in a hospital outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea.
(20) Purified toxin A caused significant net accumulation of sodium, chloride, potassium, and total protein and slightly increased osmolality of the fluid content at 6 h; these effects were similar to those caused by crude C. difficile culture filtrates containing toxins A and B.
Difficulty
Definition:
(n.) The state of being difficult, or hard to do; hardness; arduousness; -- opposed to easiness or facility; as, the difficulty of a task or enterprise; a work of difficulty.
(n.) Something difficult; a thing hard to do or to understand; that which occasions labor or perplexity, and requires skill and perseverance to overcome, solve, or achieve; a hard enterprise; an obstacle; an impediment; as, the difficulties of a science; difficulties in theology.
(n.) A controversy; a falling out; a disagreement; an objection; a cavil.
(n.) Embarrassment of affairs, especially financial affairs; -- usually in the plural; as, to be in difficulties.
Example Sentences:
(1) Technical factors that account for increased difficulty in these patients include: problems with guide catheter impaction and ostial trauma; inability to inflate the balloon with adequate guide catheter support; and need for increased intracoronary manipulation.
(2) To overcome this difficulty, a "hetero-antibody" RIA was studied.
(3) Epidemiological studies on low risks involve a number of major methodological difficulties.
(4) Mild swallowing difficulties occurred in 18 patients (39%), moderate dysfunction in 23 (50%), and severe dysfunction in five (11%).
(5) Reasons for non-acceptance do not indicate any major difficulties in the employment of such staff in general practice, at least as far as the patients are concerned.
(6) Spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions may be the only way of revealing very rare events but they present great difficulties of rational interpretation.
(7) The indication of the DNA probe method would be considered in the four cases as follows, 1. necessity of the special equipment to isolate the pathogen, 2. necessity of the long period to isolate the pathogen, 3. existence of the cross reaction among the pathogen and relative organisms in the immunological procedure, 4. existence of the difficulty to identify the species of the pathogen by the ordinary procedure.
(8) The 1-0-methylalduronic-acidmethylesters, obtained by the methanolysis of the polysaccharides, are reduced with boronhydrid to the corresponding methyl glycosides; there are split with acid to the aldoses, which are converted in pyridine with hydroxylamine to the aldoximes and than with acetic anhydride to the aldonitrilacetates, which can be separated by gaschromatography without difficulty.
(9) A control experiment demonstrated that changes in general arousal could not account for the effects of task difficulty on neuronal responses.
(10) In the anatomy laboratory we looked for an alternative approach to the glenohumeral joint which would accommodate these difficulties.
(11) A 27-year-old lady presented with history of discomfort in the throat and difficulty in swallowing for two weeks.
(12) Especially in the old patients (over 70 years) the incisional hernias represents an invalidating pathology whose treatment, for the high incidence of associated diseases of respiratory and cardiocirculatory apparatus in the aged, offers difficulties connected both to surgical methods and to the perioperative evaluation and preparation of patients.
(13) Marked pain and great difficulty in introducing the apparatus made its use limited in respectively 15% and 14.5% of cases.
(14) The tasks which appeared to present the most difficulties for the patients were written spelling, pragmatic processing tasks like sentence disambiguation and proverb interpretation.
(15) In favorable cases, tRNA-DNA hybrids of length about 80 nucleotide pairs can be recognized (although with difficulty).
(16) The patient with the right posterior lesion could not recognize handwriting, was prosopagnosic and topographagnosic, but had no difficulty in reading, lipreading, or in recognizing stylized drawings.
(17) A review of the literature summarises the difficulties of diagnosis.
(18) The major difficulty encountered with the current technique is the danger of neurologic injury during the passage and handling of conventional wires, especially in extensive procedures.
(19) However six equivocal studies were observed in profoundly jaundiced patients with bilirubin levels above 400 mumol l-1 due to difficulties in differentiating extrahepatic obstruction from severe intrahepatic cholestasis.
(20) While mindful of the potential difficulties which attend its introduction into the treatment situation there is an attempt to balance this position through a consideration of the appropriate conditions and modes of operation under which a humor-enriched approach may be efficacious.