(1) Approximately a third of patients had stools that were positive for C difficile by either toxin or culture.
(2) Nosocomial acquisition of C. difficile has been documented.
(3) The surviving test hamsters were killed after 14 days and, in most cases, were colonised by C. difficile, though levels of toxins A and B in caecal contents were low.
(4) A mutant of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (Don cells), resistant against Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, was isolated after mutagenization with ethylmethanesulphonate and a two-step selection with toxin B.
(5) When diarrhoea occurs in patients under antibiotics pseudomembranous colitis due to the proliferation of Clostridium difficile must be suspected; the diagnosis is suggested by endoscopy and confirmed by bacteriology.
(6) This study indicates that ELISAs for detection of C. difficile toxins are not as reliable as the cytotoxicity assay in the laboratory diagnosis of CDRED, and that clinical correlation is essential in the evaluation of any new test for CDRED.
(7) Direct inoculation to cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar and broth was compared with alcohol shock-chopped meat broth inoculation for optimal detection of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples.
(8) Almost all cases of Clostridium difficile-related pseudomembranous colitis are related to antimicrobial therapy.
(9) difficile may persist in the stools in spite of the resolution of symptoms after treatment and this may cause the relapse.
(10) 96.4% (212 of 220) strains of C difficile were immediately differentiated from 51 other Clostridium spp tested.
(11) The highest cell concentrations tested completely inactivated C. difficile cytotoxin by 2 min.
(12) In this investigation, the role of antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in protecting hamsters against C. difficile-associated ileocecitis was examined.
(13) Results of these studies suggest that dogs may constitute a reservoir of Clostridium difficile.
(14) Clostridium difficile-associated disease is a nosocomial infection that can be associated with short courses of prophylactic antibiotics.
(15) Cytotoxin B was also present in cecal homogenates of diarrheic animals with C. difficile.
(16) and Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter difficile and Alkalegenes faecalis were the pathogens associated with a high mortality rate.
(17) Testing for antibiotic residues in the feed was negative, and C. difficile was not isolated from feed, water, or feces of unaffected hamsters.
(18) There was new appearance of Clostridium difficile in four subjects and of Staphylococcus aureus in one; four new strains of Enterobacteriaceae appeared.
(19) Environmental studies were performed in a hospital outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea.
(20) Purified toxin A caused significant net accumulation of sodium, chloride, potassium, and total protein and slightly increased osmolality of the fluid content at 6 h; these effects were similar to those caused by crude C. difficile culture filtrates containing toxins A and B.
Stubborn
Definition:
(a.) Firm as a stub or stump; stiff; unbending; unyielding; persistent; hence, unreasonably obstinate in will or opinion; not yielding to reason or persuasion; refractory; harsh; -- said of persons and things; as, stubborn wills; stubborn ore; a stubborn oak; as stubborn as a mule.
Example Sentences:
(1) It has announced a four-stage programme of reforms that will tackle most of these stubborn and longstanding problems, including Cinderella issues such as how energy companies treat their small business customers.
(2) Of course there are some who are stubborn, like Robert Mugabe.
(3) The prime minister insisted, however, that he and other world leaders were not being stubborn over demands that the Syrian leader, President Bashar al-Assad, step down at the end of the peace process.
(4) It’s clear their relationship is most similar to that of a stubborn son and his long suffering mother.
(5) The contrast between these two worlds – one legal and flourishing, the other illegal and stubbornly disregarding of state lines – can seem baffling, yet it may have profound consequences for whether this unique experiment spreads.
(6) The causes of failure after acute injury include extensive local soft tissue and bony damage, severe concomitant head, chest or abdominal wounding, stubborn reliance on negative arteriograms in patients with probable arterial injury, failure to repair simultaneous venous injuries, or harvesting of a vein graft from a severely damaged extremity.
(7) "It was the character of David Cameron – his stubbornness, his anger and his rush towards war – which was the central cause of his defeat on Thursday night."
(8) Rebus, promised the Scottish author, will be "as stubborn and anarchic as ever", and will find himself in trouble with the author's latest creation, Malcolm Fox, of Edinburgh's internal affairs unit.
(9) A rising jobless total and an unemployment rate sticking at a stubbornly high 8% overshadowed a better than expected 27,100 fall in the claimant count in April, which compared with analysts' forecasts for a 20,000 drop.
(10) But the part of me that resists that, that is stubborn and wants to bulldoze things, gets in my way.
(11) One is the stubborn mystery of how a giant of its liberation movements, an intellectual who showed forgiveness and magnanimity years before Mandela emerged from jail, could turn into the living caricature of despotism.
(12) Sanctioning is no longer a last resort tactic aimed at the stubbornly workshy, say critics, but a crude way of pushing down claimant numbers and cutting back on the benefits bill.
(13) He was only 29 at the time, but nevertheless had that kind of stubborn certainty.
(14) They have a sort of stubbornness.” He later deals with hecklers at a Fifa HQ press event : “Listen, gentlemen, we are not in a bazaar .
(15) Dombrovskis stubbornly refused, instead pursuing "internal devaluation", depressing wages and conducting what he says was a 17% fiscal adjustment programme (the IMF says 15%).
(16) They formed a stubborn line in front of Wojciech Szczesny’s goal even if the statistics showed Arsenal’s pass-completion rate went down from 89% in the first half to 66% in the second.
(17) This was the first time a grouping of BME senior managers crossing health and social care had met together to look at barriers to gaining top jobs, and ways of breaking through systems which stubbornly never seem to shift.
(18) Broadly defined, this sort of behaviour involves procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, obstructionism, self-pity and a tendency to create chaotic situations.
(19) At which point – obviously – you reach the stubborn limits of the debate: from even the most supposedly imaginative Labour people as much as any Tories, such heresies would presumably be greeted with sneering derision.
(20) A stubborn negativity characterised the insurrection.