What's the difference between divalent and malonyl?
Divalent
Definition:
(a.) Having two units of combining power; bivalent. Cf. Valence.
Example Sentences:
(1) Binding is inhibited by divalent and trivalent cations (Cd2+ and La3+ being most potent) and other calcium channel drugs (1,4 dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines).
(2) Although GTP most potently inhibited [125I]beta h-endorphin binding in the presence of sodium, inhibition of [125I]beta h-endorphin binding by GTP was also observed in the presence of the monovalent cations lithium and potassium, but not the divalent cations magnesium, calcium, or manganese.
(3) When the concentration of Ca2+ in the medium was raised to 10 mM was the only extracellular divalent cation present, the depolarization in response to A23187 was increased to 11-8 mV.
(4) Protons and divalent cations show synergistic effects on the destabilization of liposomes composed of unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine and oleic acid (Düzgünes et al., Biochemistry (1985) 24, 3091).
(5) The enzyme is active over a wide range of pH, does not require divalent cations, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl-reactive agents.
(6) In order to determine the specific action of cadmium on bone metabolism, the effect of cadmium on alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker enzyme of osteoblasts, was compared with that of other divalent heavy metal ions, i.e., zinc, manganese, lead, copper, nickel and mercury (10 microM each), using cloned osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1.
(7) The sensitivity to ionic strength, divalent metal ions and polylysine of release of fluorescent markers from liposomes and of haemoglobin from intact erythrocytes has been assayed.
(8) The enzyme is quite thermoresistant in the presence of other proteins, has an optimal temperature of 60 degrees, needs monovalent cations for optimal activity, is insensitive to EDTA, and is inhibited by divalent cations; it has no associated exonuclease activity.
(9) preference of template primer and divalent metal ion, RNA- or DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, RNase H activity, and the processive mode of DNA synthesis.
(10) It can be dissociated from the spores using divalent metal chelators and will reassemble on the spores in the presence of calcium.
(11) The presence of Ca2+ in silica gel is responsible for this improved yield of prostaglandin as the divalent metal ion stabilized prostaglandin synthetase activity in a remarkable way.
(12) In view of the above findings, it was hypothesized that polyamines in general took the place of divalent cations in causing membrane stabilization.
(13) The effects of monovalent and divalent cations on the hemolytic activity of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin A-III were studied.
(14) Other divalent metal ions displace Mn2+ from the high affinity sites in the following order of effectiveness: Ca greater than Mg = Zn = Co greater than Sr greater than Ni.
(15) Parameters observed were divalent association rate constants, affinity and autoradiography of isoelectric focusing (IEF) spectra.
(16) At low concentrations, the current-voltage relations are inwardly rectifying, but they become more ohmic if a small amount of divalent cations is added externally.
(17) Divalent cations (2 mM-Ni2+, 1 mM-Ba2+ or 2 mM-Ca2+) reduced only the outward current in the Tris Na(+)-free solution, while in the 150 mM-Na+ solution, they reduced both the inward and outward components of the current which had a reversal potential of around -10 mV.
(18) Cs (IC50 = 5-6 mM) prevented toxin binding, as did the divalent cations Ba and Ca (IC50 = 4-6 and 9-13 mM, respectively).
(19) Similar results were obtained in studies with the intact divalent radiolabelled Leu3a antibody.
(20) After renaturation of polypeptides, the gel was incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP and divalent cations.
Malonyl
Definition:
(n.) A hydrocarbon radical, CH2.(CO)2, from malonic acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) The I50 (median inhibitory concentration) and Ki values for malonyl-CoA determined in the forward assay were not significantly different in the patients and controls.
(2) One is de novo synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA via malonyl-CoA; this system has been isolated in soluble form (the soluble system) from various animal tissues including brain.
(3) These results suggest that two convalent intermediates, phosphoryl and malonyl enzyme, are sequentially formed in the synthesis of malonyl-coenzyme A by malonyl-coenzyme A synthetase catalysis.
(4) The amino acid sequence of the 4'-phosphopantetheine region was determined for the acetyl-, malonyl-, hydroxybutyryl-, and butyryl-enzyme with peptides obtained by hydrolysis of the enzyme with trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus (V8) protease.
(5) In experiments in which DL-2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA displaced [14C]malonyl-CoA bound to liver mitochondria, the KD (competing) was 25 times the IC50 for inhibition of CPT1 providing evidence that the malonyl-CoA-binding site is unlikely to be the same as the acyl-CoA substrate site.
(6) As to 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase, the inhibition was competitive with respect to malonyl-ACP and noncompetitive with respect to acetyl-ACP.
(7) With 90 microM-linoleate as substrate for CAT I, a much larger difference in response to malonyl-CoA was seen, the rat enzyme being 50% inhibited at 22 microM-malonyl-CoA, whereas sheep liver CAT I was 91% and 98% inhibited at 1 microM- and 5 microM-malonyl-CoA respectively.
(8) None of the CPTs showed any activity with aminocarnitine and palmitoyl-CoA, but when the acyl donor was octanoyl-CoA, both of the malonyl-CoA-sensitive CPT enzymes showed considerable activity, unlike the malonyl-CoA-insensitive CPT isoenzymes.
(9) The assay is based on the HPLC analysis of the short-chain coenzyme A derivatives formed by the enzymatic reaction, viz., acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.
(10) Chromatography on Sephadex G-100 showed that the substrate of the enzyme, docosyl malonyl-CoA, exists, in 50 mu molar aqueous solution, mostly in an aggregated state.
(11) bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin was previously shown to incorporate methylmalonyl-CoA into mycocerosic acids, exemplified by 2,4,6,8-tetramethyloctacosanoic acid, and malonyl-CoA into n-fatty acids (Rainwater D. L., and Kolattukudy, P. E. (1983) J. Biol.
(12) After elongation by malonyl-CoA, acyl-products are partially bound to proteins.
(13) Plasma catalase and plasma GSH-Px were significantly raised only in the group drinking iodine brine, while erythrocyte GSH-Px and the amount of the lipid peroxidation product malonyl dialdehyde were unchanged.
(14) A simplified procedure for the preparation of S-malonyl-N-decanoyl cysteamine, using cysteamine as starting material, is described.
(15) The impact of a short-term clofibrate treatment on these membrane alterations is investigated, i.e., the kinetic properties of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, including its sensitivity to malonyl-CoA and mitochondrial membrane content of the various phospholipids.
(16) Further, the malonyl-CoA sensitivity of the peroxisomal activity is lost on solubilization, as has been observed for the overt mitochondrial enzyme.
(17) (5) In cultured hepatocytes from 24 h-old newborns, the addition of insulin inhibits no more than 30% of the high oleate oxidation, whereas it stimulates lipogenesis and increases malonyl-CoA concentration by 4-fold more than in fetal cells (no oleate oxidation).
(18) A 4-day clofibrate treatment increases by 42% the apparent Km value of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I for palmitoyl-CoA, while the sensitivity of the enzyme to malonyl-CoA appears slightly decreased.
(19) There was no evidence that the decreased sensitivity of CPT to malonyl-CoA inhibition observed in outer membranes obtained from 48 h-starved rats (compared with those from fed animals) was due to a decreased ratio of malonyl-CoA binding to CPT catalytic moieties.
(20) The acetylation reaction of mycobacterial enzyme with radiolabeled acetyl coenzyme A was significantly inhibited by malonyl- (34.7%), propionyl- (21.3%), and butyryl- (12.5%) coenzyme A in the presence of adenosine-5'-triphosphate, whereas no inhibition could be observed for the type enzyme (3-N-acetyltransferase-III) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggesting the two enzymes are different.