(a.) Having two units of combining power; bivalent. Cf. Valence.
Example Sentences:
(1) Binding is inhibited by divalent and trivalent cations (Cd2+ and La3+ being most potent) and other calcium channel drugs (1,4 dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines).
(2) Although GTP most potently inhibited [125I]beta h-endorphin binding in the presence of sodium, inhibition of [125I]beta h-endorphin binding by GTP was also observed in the presence of the monovalent cations lithium and potassium, but not the divalent cations magnesium, calcium, or manganese.
(3) When the concentration of Ca2+ in the medium was raised to 10 mM was the only extracellular divalent cation present, the depolarization in response to A23187 was increased to 11-8 mV.
(4) Protons and divalent cations show synergistic effects on the destabilization of liposomes composed of unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine and oleic acid (Düzgünes et al., Biochemistry (1985) 24, 3091).
(5) The enzyme is active over a wide range of pH, does not require divalent cations, and is inhibited by sulfhydryl-reactive agents.
(6) In order to determine the specific action of cadmium on bone metabolism, the effect of cadmium on alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker enzyme of osteoblasts, was compared with that of other divalent heavy metal ions, i.e., zinc, manganese, lead, copper, nickel and mercury (10 microM each), using cloned osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1.
(7) The sensitivity to ionic strength, divalent metal ions and polylysine of release of fluorescent markers from liposomes and of haemoglobin from intact erythrocytes has been assayed.
(8) The enzyme is quite thermoresistant in the presence of other proteins, has an optimal temperature of 60 degrees, needs monovalent cations for optimal activity, is insensitive to EDTA, and is inhibited by divalent cations; it has no associated exonuclease activity.
(9) preference of template primer and divalent metal ion, RNA- or DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, RNase H activity, and the processive mode of DNA synthesis.
(10) It can be dissociated from the spores using divalent metal chelators and will reassemble on the spores in the presence of calcium.
(11) The presence of Ca2+ in silica gel is responsible for this improved yield of prostaglandin as the divalent metal ion stabilized prostaglandin synthetase activity in a remarkable way.
(12) In view of the above findings, it was hypothesized that polyamines in general took the place of divalent cations in causing membrane stabilization.
(13) The effects of monovalent and divalent cations on the hemolytic activity of Cerebratulus lacteus toxin A-III were studied.
(14) Other divalent metal ions displace Mn2+ from the high affinity sites in the following order of effectiveness: Ca greater than Mg = Zn = Co greater than Sr greater than Ni.
(15) Parameters observed were divalent association rate constants, affinity and autoradiography of isoelectric focusing (IEF) spectra.
(16) At low concentrations, the current-voltage relations are inwardly rectifying, but they become more ohmic if a small amount of divalent cations is added externally.
(17) Divalent cations (2 mM-Ni2+, 1 mM-Ba2+ or 2 mM-Ca2+) reduced only the outward current in the Tris Na(+)-free solution, while in the 150 mM-Na+ solution, they reduced both the inward and outward components of the current which had a reversal potential of around -10 mV.
(18) Cs (IC50 = 5-6 mM) prevented toxin binding, as did the divalent cations Ba and Ca (IC50 = 4-6 and 9-13 mM, respectively).
(19) Similar results were obtained in studies with the intact divalent radiolabelled Leu3a antibody.
(20) After renaturation of polypeptides, the gel was incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP and divalent cations.
Vanadyl
Definition:
(n.) The hypothetical radical VO, regarded as a characterized residue of certain vanadium compounds.
Example Sentences:
(1) Electron spin resonance studies indicate the formation of two vanadyl complexes that are 1:1 in vanadyl and deferoxamine, but have two or three bound hydroxamate groups.
(2) These findings indicate that short-term oral treatment of diabetic rats with vanadyl induces beneficial changes that persist following withdrawal of the treatment.
(3) Addition of ferritin at the concentration used for measuring iron release prevented vanadyl-induced NADH oxidation.
(4) The magnitude of this potassium loss suggests a damage of the plasma membrane caused by vanadyl.
(5) The effects of oral vanadyl sulfate administration for 9-12 days on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the basal state and on glucose dynamics during submaximal hyperinsulinemic clamps were investigated in nondiabetic and streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.
(6) The mechanism of vanadium ions action as well as differences between vanadate and vanadyl ions effects are discussed.
(7) No proline hydroxylation was detected during peroxidation of linoleic acid by vanadyl(IV).
(8) Iron-saturated transferrin does not bind the vanadyl ion.
(9) The cyclase activity was inhibited by vanadyl but not by vanadate in the presence of these stimulators.
(10) The reduction of cytochrome c by vanadyl sulfate was also SOD-insensitive.
(11) Vanadium in the 4+ (vanadyl-ion) and 5+ (vanadate-ion) oxidation state stimulates furosemide-sensitive electrogenic Cl- secretion in isolated epithelia of rabbit descending colon.
(12) In conclusion, these results show that augmentation of peripheral glucose utilization is the major determinant of the antidiabetic action of vanadyl and support the notion that the action of vanadyl is independent of insulin-receptor kinase activity.
(13) From the spectral parameters and a comparison with inorganic vanadyl complexes, we conclude that the ligand environment largely consists of oxygen donors.
(14) The information obtained also allows some considerations concerning the probable coordination sphere of the vanadyl ion.
(15) Upon reduction with sodium dithionite, these bromoperoxidases show EPR spectra which are typical of a vanadyl cation (VO2+).
(16) Vanadyl ions may be used for reactivation of apodopamine beta-monooxygenase.
(17) Orthovanadate is a little less effective then metavanadate; vanadyl sulfate is even less efficient, and the effect of Cu2+ at the same concentration is still lower.
(18) The vanadate and vanadyl forms of vanadium have been shown by many investigators to have insulinlike effects on glucose metabolism.
(19) Instead, NADPH was required for the synthesis of superoxide, which triggered the formation of peroxovanadyl [V(4+)-OO] and vanadyl hydroperoxide [V(4+)-OOH].
(20) A novel family of vanadyl ion (VO2+, oxidation state +4) carriers is introduced.