What's the difference between dolus and fraud?

Dolus


Definition:

  • (n.) Evil intent, embracing both malice and fraud. See Culpa.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) In delivering her ruling, judge Thokozile Masipa said that "a reasonable person would have foreseen if he fired shots at the door, the person inside the toilet might be struck and might die as a result", which suggests a classic case of dolus eventualis.
  • (2) Regardless of who was behind the door, Pistorius is guilty of murder, Nel argued .Whether Pistorius believed the person behind the door was an intruder or knew it was Steenkamp, it was murder by dolus directus (premeditated murder) or dolus eventualis (that he must have known he was likely to kill the person by firing).
  • (3) The South African legal system allows for different kinds of murder convictions, and the one that's relevant here is what is known as common-law murder with indirect intentions – or "dolus eventualis".
  • (4) He will also not be found guilty of murder without premeditation ( dolus eventualis ), as Masipa says there was not sufficient evidence to suggest that he had foreseen that his actions could result in the death of the person behind the toilet door.
  • (5) How the Oscar Pistorius trial became a mirror on South African society Read more A panel of judges at the supreme court will consider whether Masipa erred in not applying the principle of dolus eventualis , a category of murder where the perpetrator subjectively foresees the possibility of his or her act causing death and persists regardless.
  • (6) Emma Sadleir, an expert on social media law who has been monitoring responses to the verdict, told the Guardian that many South African lawyers were uneasy with the decision on common law murder – what is known in the country's laws as dolus eventualis murder.
  • (7) To find otherwise would be tantamount to saying that the accused’s reaction after he realised that he had shot the deceased was faked, that he was play acting, merely to delude the onlookers at the time.” While Pistorius could not be found guilty of murder dolus eventualis [legal intent], culpable homicide was a “competent verdict”, Masipa said.
  • (8) "The legal fraternity are concerned that the test for dolus eventualis may been applied incorrectly," Sadleir said.

Fraud


Definition:

  • (n.) Deception deliberately practiced with a view to gaining an unlawful or unfair advantage; artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured; injurious stratagem; deceit; trick.
  • (n.) An intentional perversion of truth for the purpose of obtaining some valuable thing or promise from another.
  • (n.) A trap or snare.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) TalkTalk said customers should monitor their accounts over the coming months and report anything unusual to Action Fraud.
  • (2) But most instances are more mundane: the majority of fraud cases in recent years have emerged from scientists either falsifying images – deliberately mislabelling scans and micrographs – or fabricating or altering their recorded data.
  • (3) Casadevall said the pressures to commit fraud came from many sources - not least the competition for scarce funding for research.
  • (4) He is, by any measure, one of the biggest scientific frauds of all time.
  • (5) How much more is this than the amount lost to fraud?
  • (6) In April, Ronnie was charged with a series of offences relating to an alleged £1m fraud at the retailer.
  • (7) Compare the billions lost through tax avoidance to the £1.2bn lost through benefit fraud, an issue that remains the news fodder of choice for the rightwing press.
  • (8) Many have degrees or work in professional fields, and feel embarrassed by the fact they have become a victim of fraud.
  • (9) The speciality steels division faces a Serious Fraud Office investigation and some of its top staff are suspended , which could complicate a sale.
  • (10) This Comment explores issues concerning the control of fraud and abuse in health programs financed with public funds, specifically the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
  • (11) In a recent decision, Commonwealth v. Kobrin, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that a psychiatrist being investigated for possible Medicaid fraud did not have to turn over all of his notes concerning therapy sessions.
  • (12) "No, it's a stunt, a fraud," cry Lib Dems, Clegg's leftie critics included.
  • (13) The once squeaky-clean Spanish royal family has become immersed in a growing fraud scandal that reveals how members of King Juan Carlos's family may have cashed in on the monarchy's good name.
  • (14) Transparency news Man of the week - Nigerian Fifa executive Amos Adamu: July – tells four Nigerian officials charged with fraud to fight in court to clear their names.
  • (15) We know that markets can be gamed, and that fraud and false information undermine their efficiency.
  • (16) Britain's Serious Fraud Office has launched a formal criminal investigation into GlaxoSmithKline's sales practices, piling further pressure on the drugmaker which is already being investigated by Chinese authorities and elsewhere amid allegations of bribery.
  • (17) GNM reserves the right at any time and from time to time to modify or discontinue, temporarily or permanently, the Awards or any feature thereof with or without prior notice due to reasons outside its control (including, without limitation, in the case of anticipated, suspected, or actual fraud).
  • (18) Most vacancies are now advertised over the internet and claimants are encouraged to apply online to help them prepare for the world of work.” The disclosure of the revenue generated by BT came after the Observer revealed that 85% of benefit fraud allegations made by the public to a telephone hotline or online over the last five years were false.
  • (19) In 2012, Britain was among the donors that suspended all direct aid to the Ugandan prime minister's office over allegations of fraud.
  • (20) Only shop online on secure sites Before entering your card details, always ensure that the locked padlock or unbroken key symbol is showing in your browser, cautions industry advisory body Financial Fraud Action UK.

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