(n.) A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is increased by h / t. The entropy is regarded as measured from some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the thermodynamic function.
Example Sentences:
(1) This formalism allows resolution of the intrinsic protein folding-unfolding parameters (enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes) as well as the ligand interaction parameters (binding stoichiometry, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes).
(2) Dictated by underlying physicochemical constraints, deceived at times by the lulling tones of the siren entropy, and constantly vulnerable to the vagaries of other more pervasive forms of biological networking and information transfer encoded in the genes of virus and invading microorganisms, protein biorecognition in higher life forms, and particularly in mammals, represents the finely tuned molecular avenues for the genome to transfer its information to the next generation.
(3) The Skilling maximum entropy method (MEM) algorithm is applied to in vivo spectra and provides an estimate of the spectrum that is operator-independent, although at the expense of some negative bias.
(4) The changes in E degrees' and the standard entropy (delta S degrees') and enthalpy (delta H degrees') of reduction in the mutant proteins were determined relative to values for wild type; the change in E degrees' at 25 degrees C was about -200 millivolts for the Glu and Asp mutants, and about -80 millivolts for the Asn mutant.
(5) It is shown that the invariant integral, viz., the Kolmogorov second entropy, is eminently suited to characterize EEG quantitatively.
(6) The thermodynamic quantities of change in free energy (delta G degree'), change in enthalpy (delta H degree') and change in entropy (delta S degree') were determined for the interaction of norepinephrine with the alpha-1 adrenoceptor of vascular smooth muscle.
(7) This paper is concerned with the connection between two classes of population variables: measures of population growth rate--the Malthusian parameter, the net reproduction rate, the gross reproduction rate, and the mean life expectancy; and measures of demographic heterogeneity--population entropy.
(8) Recent studies from this laboratory reveal distinct differences in the thermodynamic binding mechanisms between m-AMSA and o-AMSA (Wadkins & Graves, 1989), with the m-AMSA-DNA interaction being an enthalpy-driven process while the binding of o-AMSA to DNA is characterized by more positive entropy values.
(9) Such replacements are presumed to restrict the degrees of freedom of the unfolded protein and so decrease the entropy of unfolding [B. W. Matthews, H. Nicholson, and W. J. Becktel (1987) Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA Vol.
(10) The overall enthalpy change is negative and the overall entropy change is positive for the simultaneous binding of AMP-PNP and L-glutamate or of AMP-PNP and L-Met-(S)-sulfoximine to the enzyme.
(11) The part of entropy depending on the number of elements of the system (cells, individuals, etc.)
(12) 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of free calmodulin; the latter is even more entropy driven (delta H0 = 7.2 kJ X site-1; delta S0 = 158 J X K-1 X site-1) than binding to free calmodulin (delta H0 = 4.7 kJ X site-1; delta S0 = 112 J X K-1 X site-1), thus underlining the importance of hydrophobic forces in the free energy coupling involved in the ternary complex.
(13) Thus, Ca2+ binding to the Ca2+-Mg2+ sites is driven by both enthalpy and entropy and the lower Ca2+ affinity for sites 3 and 4 is reflected in the lower entropy of Ca2+-binding.
(14) This paper presents a unified account of the properties of the measures, Malthusian parameter and entropy in predicting evolutionary change in populations of macromolecules, cells and individuals.
(15) The model stresses that solutes do not act at a single site, but on both states in an equilibrium, and that the perturbation is determined by the difference in entropy.
(16) The "entropy potential" of the membrane may have its molecular origin in the excitation of the hydrocarbon chains to a more disordered configuration and may play a more important role in membrane partition equilibria than the classical hydrophobic effect.
(17) The entropy of activation of kcat for the human enzyme was further decomposed into partially compensating electrostatic(es) (delta S*es = +15.1 cal mol-1 K-1) and nonelectrostatic(nes) (delta S*nes = -19.1 cal mol-1 K-1) terms.
(18) Basic free energy level differences are related to the first-order rate constants for transitions between states while gross free energy differences, along with the corresponding fluxes, determine the rate of entropy production in the system.
(19) Their high-affinity binding component was entropy driven at 2 degrees C and became enthalpy driven when the incubation temperature was increased.
(20) As far as information in nervous systems is connected with an element of energy normalization that is much greater than the scales of molecular energy of single atoms, physical and information self-organization can simultaneously either correlate or be sufficiently independent, because entropy corresponds to statically unstable point, with its output being natural in different ways.
Present
Definition:
(a.) Being at hand, within reach or call, within certain contemplated limits; -- opposed to absent.
(a.) Now existing, or in process; begun but not ended; now in view, or under consideration; being at this time; not past or future; as, the present session of Congress; the present state of affairs; the present instance.
(a.) Not delayed; immediate; instant; coincident.
(a.) Ready; quick in emergency; as a present wit.
(a.) Favorably attentive; propitious.
(a.) Present time; the time being; time in progress now, or at the moment contemplated; as, at this present.
(a.) Present letters or instrument, as a deed of conveyance, a lease, letter of attorney, or other writing; as in the phrase, " Know all men by these presents," that is, by the writing itself, " per has literas praesentes; " -- in this sense, rarely used in the singular.
(a.) A present tense, or the form of the verb denoting the present tense.
(a.) To bring or introduce into the presence of some one, especially of a superior; to introduce formally; to offer for acquaintance; as, to present an envoy to the king; (with the reciprocal pronoun) to come into the presence of a superior.
(a.) To exhibit or offer to view or notice; to lay before one's perception or cognizance; to set forth; to present a fine appearance.
(a.) To pass over, esp. in a ceremonious manner; to give in charge or possession; to deliver; to make over.
(a.) To make a gift of; to bestow; to give, generally in a formal or ceremonious manner; to grant; to confer.
(a.) Hence: To endow; to bestow a gift upon; to favor, as with a donation; also, to court by gifts.
(a.) To present; to personate.
(a.) To nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice; to offer to the bishop or ordinary as a candidate for institution.
(a.) To nominate for support at a public school or other institution .
(a.) To lay before a public body, or an official, for consideration, as before a legislature, a court of judicature, a corporation, etc.; as, to present a memorial, petition, remonstrance, or indictment.
(a.) To lay before a court as an object of inquiry; to give notice officially of, as a crime of offence; to find or represent judicially; as, a grand jury present certain offenses or nuisances, or whatever they think to be public injuries.
(a.) To bring an indictment against .
(a.) To aim, point, or direct, as a weapon; as, to present a pistol or the point of a sword to the breast of another.
(v. i.) To appear at the mouth of the uterus so as to be perceptible to the finger in vaginal examination; -- said of a part of an infant during labor.
(n.) Anything presented or given; a gift; a donative; as, a Christmas present.
(n.) The position of a soldier in presenting arms; as, to stand at present.
Example Sentences:
(1) By presenting the case history of a man who successively developed facial and trigeminal neural dysfunction after Mohs chemosurgery of a PCSCC, this paper documents histologically the occurrence of such neural invasion, and illustrates the utility of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance scanning in patient management.
(2) It was tested for recovery and separation from other selenium moieties present in urine using both in vivo-labeled rat urine and human urine spiked with unlabeled TMSe.
(3) A report is presented of 6 surgically-treated cases of recurrent cervical carcinoma.
(4) The newborn with critical AS typically presents with severe cardiac failure and the infant with moderate failure, whereas children may be asymptomatic.
(5) The rash presented either as a pityriasis rosea-like picture which appeared about three to six months after the onset of treatment in patients taking low doses, or alternatively, as lichenoid plaques which appeared three to six months after commencement of medication in patients taking high doses.
(6) The authors have presented in two previous articles the graphic solutions resembling Tscherning ellipses, for spherical as well as for aspherical ophthalmic lenses free of astigmatism or power error.
(7) The neurologic or digestive signs were present in 12% of the children.
(8) These studies led to the following conclusions: (a) all the prominent NHP which remain bound to DNA are also present in somewhat similar proportions in the saline-EDTA, Tris, and 0.35 M NaCl washes of nuclei; (b) a protein comigrating with actin is prominent in the first saline-EDTA wash of nuclei, but present as only a minor band in the subsequent washes and on washed chromatin; (c) the presence of nuclear matrix proteins in all the nuclear washes and cytosol indicates that these proteins are distributed throughout the cell; (d) a histone-binding protein (J2) analogous to the HMG1 protein of K. V. Shooter, G.H.
(9) Weddellite calcification was associated with benign lesions in 16 cases, but incidental atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ were present, each in one case.
(10) In some cervical nodes, a few follicles, lymphocyte clusters, and a well-developed plasmocyte population were also present.
(11) Single-case experimental designs are presented and discussed from several points of view: Historical antecedents, assessment of the dependent variable, internal and external validity and pre-experimental vs experimental single-case designs.
(12) We have previously shown that serotonin is present in secretory granules of frog adrenochromaffin cells; concurrently, we have demonstrated that serotonin is a potent stimulator of corticosterone and aldosterone secretion by adrenocortical cells.
(13) Among a family of 8 children, 4 presented typical clinical and biological abnormalities related to mannosidosis.
(14) Multiple overlapping thin 3D slab acquisition is presented as a magnitude contrast (time of flight) technique which combines advantages from multiple thin slice 2D and direct 3D volume acquisitions to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional images of vessel detail.
(15) The subcellular distribution of sialyltransferase and its product of action, sialic acid, was investigated in the undifferentiated cells of the rat intestinal crypts and compared with the pattern observed in the differentiated cells present in the surface epithelium.
(16) The data on mapping the episomal plasmid integration sites in yeast chromosomes I, III, IV, V, VII, XV are presented.
(17) In the present investigation we monitored the incorporation of [14C] from [U-14C]glucose into various rat brain glycolytic intermediates of conscious and pentobarbital-anesthetized animals.
(18) The purpose of the present study was to report on remaining teeth and periodontal conditions in a population of 200 adolescent and adult Vietnamese refugees.
(19) Among the groups investigated, the subjects with gastric tumors presented the greatest values.
(20) We present these cases and review the previously reported cases.