(v. t.) To put a covering about; to wrap up or in; to inclose within a case, wrapper, integument or the like; to surround entirely; as, to envelop goods or a letter; the fog envelops a ship.
(n.) That which envelops, wraps up, encases, or surrounds; a wrapper; an inclosing cover; esp., the cover or wrapper of a document, as of a letter.
(n.) The nebulous covering of the head or nucleus of a comet; -- called also coma.
(n.) A work of earth, in the form of a single parapet or of a small rampart. It is sometimes raised in the ditch and sometimes beyond it.
(n.) A curve or surface which is tangent to each member of a system of curves or surfaces, the form and position of the members of the system being allowed to vary according to some continuous law. Thus, any curve is the envelope of its tangents.
(n.) A set of limits for the performance capabilities of some type of machine, originally used to refer to aircraft. Now also used metaphorically to refer to capabilities of any system in general, including human organizations, esp. in the phrase push the envelope. It is used to refer to the maximum performance available at the current state of the technology, and therefore refers to a class of machines in general, not a specific machine.
Example Sentences:
(1) The oral nerve endings of the palate, the buccal mucosa and the periodontal ligament of the cat canine were characterized by the presence of a cellular envelope which is the final form of the Henle sheath.
(2) Sequence variation in the gp116 component of cytomegalovirus envelope glycoprotein B was examined in 11 clinical strains and compared with variation in gp55.
(3) Thus, although ferric-enterochelin cannot penetrate the cell surface from outside, the complex that is formed within the envelope is transported normally into the cell.
(4) In addition, transitional macrophages with both positive granules and positive RER, nuclear envelope, negative Golgi apparatus (as in exudate- resident macrophages in vivo), and mature macrophages with peroxidatic activity only in the RER and nuclear envelope (as in resident macrophages in vivo) were found.
(5) Studies using serum from mice that had been immunized with synthetic peptides from the HIV envelope region suggested that this response is directed, at least in part, at several determinants of the transmembrane portion of the HIV envelope glycoprotein.
(6) The influence of exogenous gangliosides on the structure of the viral envelope was studied using fluorescent and photoactivatable phospholipids incorporated into the viral membrane.
(7) Cells infected with enveloped viruses are good systems for studying both aspects of protein glycosylation, since they contain a limited number of different glycoproteins, often with well-defined functions.
(8) The enzyme was removed from the cell envelope by treatment of the whole cells with sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, sodium deoxycholate, and proteinase K.
(9) After virus release the major portion of precursors is assembled within an approximately 25 nm thick layer directly attached to the envelope.
(10) This single substitution was sufficient to abolish all detectable cleavage of the gp160 envelope precursor polypeptide as well as virus infectivity.
(11) The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus consists of two subunits, designated gp120 and gp41, derived from the cleavage of a precursor polypeptide gp160.
(12) Lipopolysaccharide content correlated significantly with drug uptake and sensitivity, and it appeared to determine the degree of penetration of the cell envelope by these chlorinated phenols.
(13) Matrix protein (36,500 daltons), one of the major polypeptides of the Escherichia coli cell envelope, is arranged in a periodic monolayer which covers the outer surface of the peptidoglycan.
(14) Translation of mRNA encoding vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein G by as membrane-free ribosomal extract obtained from HeLa cells yielded a nonglycosylated protein (G1 (Mr 63,000).
(15) For both the single- and multiple-band signals, performance was best when the signal band(s) had a different envelope from the common envelope of the cue bands, and performance was worst when either the cue bands all had different envelopes, or the signal and cue bands all shared the same envelope.
(16) The data collected by several approaches reveal that assembly and maturation of vaccinia involves a tightly coupled sequence of interrelated events including the assembly of the envelope, post-translational cleavage of several virion polypeptides, and induction of the core enzymes.
(17) The relationship of vaccinia haemagglutinin (HA) to extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) was examined.
(18) April 17, 2013 The third floor isn't doing so well either: Rebecca Berg (@rebeccagberg) Capitol police email Senate offices: Police "are responding to a suspicious envelope on the third floor of the Hart Senate Office Building."
(19) Several fractions were extracted from the cell envelope (CE) of Neisseria meningitidis group B and characterized with regard to their morphology, antigenicity, protein composition, and toxicity.
(20) This preactivated merocyanine 540 was then mixed (in the dark) with tumour cells, normal cells and envelope viruses to assess its antiproliferative activity.
Surround
Definition:
(v. t.) To inclose on all sides; to encompass; to environ.
(v. t.) To lie or be on all sides of; to encircle; as, a wall surrounds the city.
(v. t.) To pass around; to travel about; to circumnavigate; as, to surround the world.
(v. t.) To inclose, as a body of troops, between hostile forces, so as to cut off means of communication or retreat; to invest, as a city.
(n.) A method of hunting some animals, as the buffalo, by surrounding a herd, and driving them over a precipice, into a ravine, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) Such was the mystique surrounding Rumsfeld's standing that an aide sought to clarify that he didn't stand all the time, like a horse.
(2) The lesion (10.6 X 9.8 mm) was a well-defined ellipsoid granuloma due to a foreign body with a central zone of necrosis surrounded entirely by a fibrous wall.
(3) It was hypothesized that compensatory restraining influences of surrounding soft tissues prevented a more severe facial malformation from occurring.
(4) Their receptive fields comprise a temporally and spatially linear mechanism (center plus antagonistic surround) that responds to relatively low spatial frequency stimuli, and a temporally nonlinear mechanism, coextensive with the linear mechanism, that--though broad in extent--responds best to high spatial-frequency stimuli.
(5) "I was eight in 1983, but I remember a plane that flew low over our Bulawayo suburb and army loud-hailers screaming: 'You are surrounded.'
(6) The usefulness of the proposed method is obvious in cases where the composition of a precipitate on LM scale is to be compared with the LM appearance of the surrounding tissue.
(7) Degraded visual acuity had a significant effect on cadence, foot placement, and foot clearance, but visual surround conditions did not.
(8) Computed tomography does not allow differentiation between these lesions and surrounding normal tissues.
(9) The efficacy of the process is dependent on immersion medium, while the degree of surrounding tissue damage is dependent on energy dose.
(10) In cat, DARPP-32-immunoreactive cell bodies identified as Müller cells were demonstrated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) with processes closely surrounding the cell soma of photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer.
(11) In the univariate life-table analysis, recurrence-free survival was significantly related to age, pTNM category, tumour size, presence of certain growth patterns, tumour necrosis, tumour infiltration in surrounding thyroid tissue and thyroid gland capsule, lymph node metastases, presence of extra-nodal tumour growth and number of positive lymph nodes, whereas only tumour diameter, thyroid gland capsular infiltration and presence of extra-nodal tumour growth remained as significant prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis.
(12) Surrounding intact ipsilateral structures are more important for the recovery of some of the language functions, such as motor output and phonemic assembly, than homologous contralateral structures.
(13) The dual-probe system incorporates a central collimated probe for monitoring activity in the LV surrounded by an annular detector collimated in such a manner as to provide simultaneous real-time monitoring of the LV background activity.
(14) This technique is sensitive to the optical anisotropy within the muscle, including that due to intrinsic properties of the protein molecules as well as that due to the regular arrangement of proteins in the surrounding medium.
(15) Surrounding parenchyma may be partially compressed.
(16) The stage of a given malignancy, representing the degree of spread of the tumor to its local surroundings or distant sites, is the best predictor of long-term survival.
(17) At this stage of the observation period the labeling index was very low in surrounding liver, but still high in the gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive areas.
(18) The third effect was a shift in center-surround balance towards a more dominant center.
(19) Although sound pressure levels are high, they are probably reduced before reaching the cochlea of the fetus because of the surrounding amniotic fluid and the fluid in the middle ear.
(20) Glial siphoning can distribute the potassium preferentially toward the blood vessels in the area, leading to an elevation in potassium concentration in the ECF surrounding the vascular smooth muscle of the arterioles.