(1) PK46 and PK42 comigrated with proteins that reacted with antibodies against extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs).
(2) Activation of the ERKs requires both threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation suggestive of a key role in mediating intracellular events in response to extracellular cues.
(3) Expression of oncogenic ras in PC12 cells causes neuronal differentiation and sustained protein tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), p42erk2 and p44erk1.
(4) We now describe cloning and characterization of two ERK1-related kinases, ERK2 and ERK3, and provide evidence suggesting that there are additional ERK family members.
(5) Bacterial expression of mouse gene Erk-1 yielded an active kinase with the same substrate specificity shown for ERK1 protein purified from rat cells.
(6) The bt-Erk-1 protein also had the capacity to reactivate the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6KII).
(7) In this communication we describe assays utilizing the Erk-1 protein fused to glutathione S-transferase that permit the identification of protein kinase(s) that phosphorylate and activate the myelin basic protein kinase activity encoded by the Erk-1 gene.
(8) These results indicate that ERKs mediate signal transduction by ET.
(9) Because both Ras and the microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases ERK1 and ERK2 have been implicated in events that lead to neurite outgrowth, we explored the possibility that Ras and ERKs may lie on the same signaling pathway.
(10) Chromosomes have been manipulated within mitotic human embryonic lung, ERK, and HeLa cells.
(11) The antibodies detect ERKs in cell lines from multiple species, including human, mouse, dog, chicken, and frog, in addition to rat, indicating that the kinases are conserved across species.
(12) The antibodies recognize both ERK1; a closely related kinase, ERK2; and a third novel ERK-related protein.
(13) Reactivity with anti-ERK-1 antibodies was observed only in the precipitate of chemoattractant-stimulated cells.
(14) Oncogenic N-ras-induced neuronal differentiation is inhibited by compounds that block ERK protein tyrosine phosphorylation or ERK activity, indicating that ERKs are not only activated by p21ras but serve as the primary downstream effectors of p21ras.
(15) Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor or fibroblast growth factor results in neuronal differentiation and in a sustained elevation of p21ras activity, of ERK activity, and of ERK tyrosine phosphorylation.
(16) The regulation of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) gene-encoded protein kinase activity by reversible phosphorylation has been reported to involve either an activator of autophosphorylation or an upstream protein kinase.
(17) Here we show that interleukin-2 selectively stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase but not the erk-encoded MAP kinases and rsk-encoded S6 kinases.
(18) Studies with cultured cells, Xenopus, and sea star oocytes have furthered our understanding of possible functions of Erks in vivo.
(19) Treatment of intact PC12 cells with bradykinin or NGF increased both the phosphorylation of TH-Ser31 in situ and the catalytic activity of ERKs (measured subsequently in vitro with myelin basic protein as substrate).
(20) Conversion of the tyrosine site of phosphorylation to phenylalanine yielded an Erk-1 gene product that could not be activated.
Erne
Definition:
(n.) A sea eagle, esp. the European white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).
Example Sentences:
(1) The synthetic ester cyclopentylpropionate, like E2, produced a rapid ERn response and a significantly shorter uterotropic response than the stearate ester.
(2) The leaders of the world's eight wealthiest countries, including Russian president Vladimir Putin and German chancellor Angela Merkel, are due to meet at the luxury Lough Erne resort in Co Fermanagh for the conference on 17-18 June.
(3) Gerald Grosvenor came into the line of succession only because the 3rd Duke was childless and the title passed to a cousin, who became 4th Duke in 1963 and then, when he died four years later, to his younger brother, Gerald’s father, Robert Grosvenor, who farmed in Northern Ireland and lived on an island in Lough Erne.
(4) The oligomeric ERc eluted as a single, sharp peak near the exclusion volume of the gel column; ERn eluted as a broad peak.
(5) Reductions in total ER (ERn + ERc) were sufficient to account for all reductions and altered dynamics of ERn, except for the delayed attainment of peak ERn in UT.
(6) The correlation coefficients for ERc, ERn and ERc+n were 0.960, 0.980 and 0.950, respectively.
(7) We must work together to keep this hope alive, as we agreed to at the Group of 8 meeting in Lough Erne in Northern Ireland in June, and steer the discussion back toward negotiations.
(8) This unoccupied nuclear ER (ERn) whose hormone binding ability was extremely thermostable could be extracted with 0.4 M KCl.
(9) "One of highlights, says Starks, was launching the institute's open data certificate at June's G8 meeting in Lough Erne, where the themes were tax, transparency and trade.
(10) We measured the uterotropic response and the formation of uterine nuclear estrogen receptors (ERn) produced by iv administration of a representative ester, E2-17-stearate, in comparison to E2, other natural C-17 conjugates of E2, E2-17-glucuronide, and E2-17-sulfate, and the pharmacological ester E2-17-cyclopentylpropionate.
(11) [Erne, D., Sargent, D. F., & Schwyzer, R. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4261-4263].
(12) In the tumours of postmenopausal women an inverse significant correlation was demonstrated between the concentrations of EGFR vs. ERc, ERn, and PRc while no such correlation was noted in the tumours of premenopausal women.
(13) 2,3,7,8-TCDD causes a dose-dependent decrease in uterine ERc, ERn, PRc, and PRn levels which persist up to 7 days.
(14) Using a hydroxylapatite exchange method for ER, little or no nuclear ER (ERN) could be detected, but with the EIA both cytosolic (ERC) and ERN were detected in almost all specimens, although in meager concentrations.
(15) Nuclear estrogen receptors (ERn) can now be reliably analyzed using the monoclonal estrogen receptor enzyme immunoassay.
(16) In these studies we also examined the changes which occur in estrogen nuclear (ERn) and progestin cytosol (PRc) receptor concentrations in the preoptic area (POA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), corticomedial amygdala (CMA) and pituitary gland (PIT) associated with these physiological responses.
(17) In the control pituitary nuclei, 70% of ERn were in the salt-soluble fraction, of which the great majority were occupied by endogenous steroid.
(18) Both the heat-transformed cytosolic estrogen receptor, ERC*, and a major fraction of the estrogen receptor extracted from nuclei, ERN, contained two sites for H165, but only one for H222.
(19) The oestradiol nuclear receptors (ERn) followed the same pattern in the 3 sampling areas.
(20) In the untreated BPH group, ER were higher in the n than in the c fraction: ERn were positive in 14 cases and ERc in 12 of 17 cases.