(1) PK46 and PK42 comigrated with proteins that reacted with antibodies against extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs).
(2) Activation of the ERKs requires both threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation suggestive of a key role in mediating intracellular events in response to extracellular cues.
(3) Expression of oncogenic ras in PC12 cells causes neuronal differentiation and sustained protein tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), p42erk2 and p44erk1.
(4) We now describe cloning and characterization of two ERK1-related kinases, ERK2 and ERK3, and provide evidence suggesting that there are additional ERK family members.
(5) Bacterial expression of mouse gene Erk-1 yielded an active kinase with the same substrate specificity shown for ERK1 protein purified from rat cells.
(6) The bt-Erk-1 protein also had the capacity to reactivate the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6KII).
(7) In this communication we describe assays utilizing the Erk-1 protein fused to glutathione S-transferase that permit the identification of protein kinase(s) that phosphorylate and activate the myelin basic protein kinase activity encoded by the Erk-1 gene.
(8) These results indicate that ERKs mediate signal transduction by ET.
(9) Because both Ras and the microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases ERK1 and ERK2 have been implicated in events that lead to neurite outgrowth, we explored the possibility that Ras and ERKs may lie on the same signaling pathway.
(10) Chromosomes have been manipulated within mitotic human embryonic lung, ERK, and HeLa cells.
(11) The antibodies detect ERKs in cell lines from multiple species, including human, mouse, dog, chicken, and frog, in addition to rat, indicating that the kinases are conserved across species.
(12) The antibodies recognize both ERK1; a closely related kinase, ERK2; and a third novel ERK-related protein.
(13) Reactivity with anti-ERK-1 antibodies was observed only in the precipitate of chemoattractant-stimulated cells.
(14) Oncogenic N-ras-induced neuronal differentiation is inhibited by compounds that block ERK protein tyrosine phosphorylation or ERK activity, indicating that ERKs are not only activated by p21ras but serve as the primary downstream effectors of p21ras.
(15) Treatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor or fibroblast growth factor results in neuronal differentiation and in a sustained elevation of p21ras activity, of ERK activity, and of ERK tyrosine phosphorylation.
(16) The regulation of the Erk (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) gene-encoded protein kinase activity by reversible phosphorylation has been reported to involve either an activator of autophosphorylation or an upstream protein kinase.
(17) Here we show that interleukin-2 selectively stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase but not the erk-encoded MAP kinases and rsk-encoded S6 kinases.
(18) Studies with cultured cells, Xenopus, and sea star oocytes have furthered our understanding of possible functions of Erks in vivo.
(19) Treatment of intact PC12 cells with bradykinin or NGF increased both the phosphorylation of TH-Ser31 in situ and the catalytic activity of ERKs (measured subsequently in vitro with myelin basic protein as substrate).
(20) Conversion of the tyrosine site of phosphorylation to phenylalanine yielded an Erk-1 gene product that could not be activated.
Werke
Definition:
(v.) See Work.
Example Sentences:
(1) We made histometric volume analyses of hematoxylin and eosin stained paraffin sections of 43 human thyroid lobes by means of the electric integrating apparatus Eltinor 4 A (Optische Werke Rathenow).
(2) An additional comparison with a French RIA and an enzymimmunoassay (EIA) from the Serum-Werke Dessau confirmed an equal accuracy.
(3) Temmler Werke Pancreolauryl-Test was performed following manufacturer's instructions.
(4) Recently a commercially available test, based on immune-precipitation according to Mancini (9), has been developed (Behring-Werke, Partigen).
(5) C-peptide concentration was determined by a radioimmunoassay using Behring-Werke AE kits (FRG).
(6) The Kinderspital Salzburg has developed a telemetry system in cooperation with the Technische Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt der Technischen Hochschule Wien and the Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm-Werke München.
(7) The autograft was incubated with the active CY derivative Mafosfamide (ASTA Werke, Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany) to reduce the number of possibly contaminating clonogenic tumor cells.
(8) Spleen cells incubated with specific influenza antigens obtained according to Nath's method were used for the experiments as well as cells incubated with staphylococcal staphylolysine (Boehring Werke).
(9) A double precipitation or a intensification method of immunodiffusion employing Partigen plates (Behring-Werke) has been applied for global IgE assay in routine laboratory work in the last months.
(10) A rapid method (Rapi tex-Hp-Test, Behring-Werke) was used.
(11) Activities of a glycolytic enzyme--lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, and two oxidative enzymes--citrate synthase (CS), a marker for TCA cycle entry, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), which indicates the capacity for beta-oxidation of endogenous lipids, were measured in fast (tibialis anterior, TA, and extensor digitorum longus, EDL) and slow (soleus, SOL) muscles of Sprague-Dawley rats with intact and limited blood supply, and following treatment with the xanthine derivative torbafylline (Hoechst, Werk Albert, Wiesbaden).
(12) Patients with cochleovestibular disorders of central and peripheral origin were treated with monothreane (produced by Luitpold Werk, FRG).
(13) The Luitpoldt-Werk Munich placed to our disposal 13 different GAGPS for tests.
(14) Skin uptake of salicylic acid methylester (SAM) by bathing in PERNIONIN -Teilbad (Krewel-Werke, Eitorf) and KNEIPP-Wacholderölbad (Kneipp-Werke, Würzburg) was researched with pigs and human volunteers.
(15) Long-term administration of adenosine and xanthine derivative (HWA 285, Hoechst, Werk Albert, Wiesbaden) increased blood flow in the heart and skeletal muscles and induced capillary growth in both.
(16) Ifosfamide was developed by investigators at Asta-Werke in Germany.
(17) The alkylating agent ifosfamide synthesized according to own method at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Warsaw, was compared in biological evaluations with Holoxan (Asta-Werke's ifosfamide).