(n.) An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) These effects are similar to those reported for AVP and phorbol esters, activators of protein kinase C. Forskolin and isoproterenol, which induce cAMP accumulation, activated extractable topoisomerase II (maximum 5-15 min after treatment), but not topoisomerase I. Permeable cyclic nucleotide analogs dBcAMP and 8BrcGMP selectively activated extractable topoisomerase II and topoisomerase I activities, respectively.
(2) Preincubation of human neutrophils with recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha has previously been shown by us to enhance superoxide production of neutrophils in response to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate.
(3) Tumor promoting phorbol esters (1-1000 nM) could also inhibit PGE2 stimulated cAMP production dose dependently.
(4) These products were identified to be epimers of 5,12(S)-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid methyl ester (5,12(S)-diHETE-Me) and epimers of 11,12-diHETE-Me.
(5) Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester and other activated esters of N-a-sustituted arginine salts may be useful reagents for introduction of trypsin-labile protecting groups into peptide fragments for purpose of polypeptide semi-synthesis.
(6) The immunodetectable PKC level in hypothyroid liver was elevated 7.7-fold, whereas the phorbol-ester binding capacity and the immunodetectable alpha-PKC level were increased 2.4- and 2.6-fold, respectively.
(7) The presence of a previously unreported dipeptide transport mechanism within blood leukocytes and the selective enrichment of the granule enzyme, DPPI, within cytotoxic effector cells of lymphoid or myeloid lineage appear to afford a unique mechanism for the targeting of immunotherapeutic reagents composed of simple dipeptide esters or amides.
(8) Incubation of membrane with DL-Hcys alone (5 X 10(-5) M), the combination of both Ad (5 X 10(-5)) and DL-Hcys (5 X 10(-5)), or S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) (1 X 10(-6)) strongly decreased the methyl ester formation.
(9) To this purpose, the formation of DHT has been measured in rat glial cell cultures after different time of exposure to TPA, 4 alpha-Ph, an active and an inactive phorbol ester respectively, and 8-Br-cAMP.
(10) Insulin incubation of plasma membranes pretreated with protease inhibitors (leupeptin, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride) or with exogenous trypsin, but not chymotrypsin substrates (esters of arginine and tyrosine) yields an inactive supernatant on PDH.
(11) Lymphocyte stimulation by phorbol ester for a short time induces c-fos and c-myc expression, but has no effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation.
(12) The cryptoxanthin esters varied from 5 to 10% of the total carotenoids in Valencia orange juice concentrates and from 10 to 15% of the total carotenoids in Navel orange juice concentrates.
(13) Early in the regression process, cholesterol esters are reduced at least partly by hydrolysis to yield cholesterol, some of which may crystallize and inhibit rapid regression.
(14) The kinetics of the luminescent signal with the different luciferin esters varied significantly, indicating possible differences in the rates of uptake, breakdown and enzyme inhibition.
(15) In comparison to rat pancreas, [D-Phe6]BN-(6-13)ethyl ester, Ac-GRP-(20-26)ethyl ester, [D-Phe6,Cpa14, psi 13-14]BN-(6-14), [Leu14, psi 13-14]BN, and [Leu14, psi 9,10]BN had a 10,000-, 2,940-, 1,425-, 122-, and 4-fold, respectively, weaker affinity for BN receptors.
(16) Enzymatic lability does not, however, play as important a role as lipophilicity in the corneal and conjunctival penetration of cycloalkyl and aryl ester prodrugs.
(17) To determine whether the triadimefon-induced hyperactivity is due to an action on CNS catecholaminergic systems, we evaluated the effects of combined treatment of triadimefon with either the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor d,l-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester HCl (alpha MPT) or the amine depletor reserpine.
(18) Growth of C. albicans in the presence of AGE affected the yeast lipid in a number of ways: the total lipid content was decreased; garlic-grown yeasts had a higher level of phosphatidylserines and a lower level of phosphatidylcholines; in addition to free sterols and sterol esters, C. albicans accumulated esterified steryl glycosides; the concentration of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1) increased and that of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) decreased.
(19) In comparison with native counterparts, the in vitro-formed LDL2 and HDL + VHDL were characterized by lower levels of triglyceride and cholesterol ester and higher levels of free cholesterol and lipid phosphorus.
(20) Several histidine derivatives are not susceptible to the enzyme but do inhibit the enzyme activity competitively; the most effective inhibitors are L-histidine methyl ester (Ki = 3.66 mM) and beta-imidazole lactic acid (Ki = 3.84 mM).
Gallate
Definition:
(n.) A salt of gallic acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) the colours: Allura red AC, erythrosine, canthaxanthin and the caramels; three anti-oxidants: BHA, BHT and the gallates; the sweeteners: polyols, aspartame, saccharin and cyclamates.
(2) All reactions are inhibited by scavengers (propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, diazobicyclooctane) and by catalase.
(3) Ethoxyquin, propyl gallate and butylated hydroquinone only partially inhibited rTNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity, while the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and thiodipropionic acid had minimal effects.
(4) In the prevention of H2O2-induced endothelial cell injury in culture, only gallocatechin-3-0-gallate and epicatechin-3-0-gallate were effective.
(5) The antioxidant efficiency of some polyhydric phenols was determined kinetically and found to be catechol greather than pyrogallol greater than hydroquinone greather than resorcinol greater than n-propyl gallate for the benzaldehyde photooxidation.
(6) Among chemically defined natural polyphenols, condensed tannins (epicatechin gallate oligomers) and monomeric and oligomeric hydrolyzable tannins potently stimulated PMN iodination, whereas polyphenols of lower molecular weight (gallic acid, alkyl gallates, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, caffeic acid derivatives and licorice flavonoids) had much less activity.
(7) The PA-induced contraction was inhibited to 42% of the control response by propyl gallate (0.2 mM), a combined inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
(8) Other compounds which blocked the oxidation of platelet tocopherol were ascorbyl palmitate, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene, hydroquinone and glutathione.
(9) A characteristic correlation between side chain length and mean response was observed, giving a maximum of sensitization at a length of 12 carbon atoms (dodecyl gallate).
(10) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mounting medium containing paraphenylenediamine (PPD), n-propyl gallate (NPG), or 1,4-diazobicyclo(2,2,2)-octane (DABCO) was compared with PVA alone or buffered glycerol with regard to capacity for preservation of immunofluorescence preparations.
(11) A simple, rapid technique is described for the determination of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol (Ionox-100), 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone (THBP), propyl gallate (PG), octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in vegetable oils, lards, and shortenings.
(12) 13 women with allergy to propyl gallate are presented.
(13) Most of the key toxicity studies, however, date back to the 1950s, do not meet current standards of toxicity testing and do not provide evidence for carcinogenic or mutagenic action of the gallates.
(14) Propyl, octyl and dodecyl gallate as well as butylated hydroxyanisol and butylated hydroxytoluene were estimated.
(15) A significantly higher absorption was observed from the colloidal bismuth subcitrate (0.042% of the dose) and the basic bismuth gallate (0.038%) than from the basic bismuth salicylate, nitrate, and aluminate (0.005-0.002%).
(16) Treatment of MI with propyl gallate significantly reduced the plasma accumulation of creatine kinase (CK).
(17) Ganglia processed through the osmium-ethyl gallate procedure (OEG)19 retain more structural integrity than those processed through various silver impregnation methods.
(18) It was found that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate inhibited soybean lipoxygenase at the IC50 values ranging from 10 to 20 microM.
(19) 1 In common with several anti-inflammatory, analgesic, local anaesthetic and antioxidant drugs, propyl gallate in vitro inhibited the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha from arachidonic acid by a prostaglandin synthetase from bull seminal vesicles.
(20) The vasorelaxation action of nicorandil was unaffected by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen or the lipoxygenase inhibitor propyl gallate, suggesting that nicorandil does not act via the release of a vasodilator eicosanoid.