(n.) An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) These effects are similar to those reported for AVP and phorbol esters, activators of protein kinase C. Forskolin and isoproterenol, which induce cAMP accumulation, activated extractable topoisomerase II (maximum 5-15 min after treatment), but not topoisomerase I. Permeable cyclic nucleotide analogs dBcAMP and 8BrcGMP selectively activated extractable topoisomerase II and topoisomerase I activities, respectively.
(2) Preincubation of human neutrophils with recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha has previously been shown by us to enhance superoxide production of neutrophils in response to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate.
(3) Tumor promoting phorbol esters (1-1000 nM) could also inhibit PGE2 stimulated cAMP production dose dependently.
(4) These products were identified to be epimers of 5,12(S)-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid methyl ester (5,12(S)-diHETE-Me) and epimers of 11,12-diHETE-Me.
(5) Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester and other activated esters of N-a-sustituted arginine salts may be useful reagents for introduction of trypsin-labile protecting groups into peptide fragments for purpose of polypeptide semi-synthesis.
(6) The immunodetectable PKC level in hypothyroid liver was elevated 7.7-fold, whereas the phorbol-ester binding capacity and the immunodetectable alpha-PKC level were increased 2.4- and 2.6-fold, respectively.
(7) The presence of a previously unreported dipeptide transport mechanism within blood leukocytes and the selective enrichment of the granule enzyme, DPPI, within cytotoxic effector cells of lymphoid or myeloid lineage appear to afford a unique mechanism for the targeting of immunotherapeutic reagents composed of simple dipeptide esters or amides.
(8) Incubation of membrane with DL-Hcys alone (5 X 10(-5) M), the combination of both Ad (5 X 10(-5)) and DL-Hcys (5 X 10(-5)), or S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) (1 X 10(-6)) strongly decreased the methyl ester formation.
(9) To this purpose, the formation of DHT has been measured in rat glial cell cultures after different time of exposure to TPA, 4 alpha-Ph, an active and an inactive phorbol ester respectively, and 8-Br-cAMP.
(10) Insulin incubation of plasma membranes pretreated with protease inhibitors (leupeptin, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride) or with exogenous trypsin, but not chymotrypsin substrates (esters of arginine and tyrosine) yields an inactive supernatant on PDH.
(11) Lymphocyte stimulation by phorbol ester for a short time induces c-fos and c-myc expression, but has no effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation.
(12) The cryptoxanthin esters varied from 5 to 10% of the total carotenoids in Valencia orange juice concentrates and from 10 to 15% of the total carotenoids in Navel orange juice concentrates.
(13) Early in the regression process, cholesterol esters are reduced at least partly by hydrolysis to yield cholesterol, some of which may crystallize and inhibit rapid regression.
(14) The kinetics of the luminescent signal with the different luciferin esters varied significantly, indicating possible differences in the rates of uptake, breakdown and enzyme inhibition.
(15) In comparison to rat pancreas, [D-Phe6]BN-(6-13)ethyl ester, Ac-GRP-(20-26)ethyl ester, [D-Phe6,Cpa14, psi 13-14]BN-(6-14), [Leu14, psi 13-14]BN, and [Leu14, psi 9,10]BN had a 10,000-, 2,940-, 1,425-, 122-, and 4-fold, respectively, weaker affinity for BN receptors.
(16) Enzymatic lability does not, however, play as important a role as lipophilicity in the corneal and conjunctival penetration of cycloalkyl and aryl ester prodrugs.
(17) To determine whether the triadimefon-induced hyperactivity is due to an action on CNS catecholaminergic systems, we evaluated the effects of combined treatment of triadimefon with either the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor d,l-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester HCl (alpha MPT) or the amine depletor reserpine.
(18) Growth of C. albicans in the presence of AGE affected the yeast lipid in a number of ways: the total lipid content was decreased; garlic-grown yeasts had a higher level of phosphatidylserines and a lower level of phosphatidylcholines; in addition to free sterols and sterol esters, C. albicans accumulated esterified steryl glycosides; the concentration of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1) increased and that of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) decreased.
(19) In comparison with native counterparts, the in vitro-formed LDL2 and HDL + VHDL were characterized by lower levels of triglyceride and cholesterol ester and higher levels of free cholesterol and lipid phosphorus.
(20) Several histidine derivatives are not susceptible to the enzyme but do inhibit the enzyme activity competitively; the most effective inhibitors are L-histidine methyl ester (Ki = 3.66 mM) and beta-imidazole lactic acid (Ki = 3.84 mM).
Laurate
Definition:
(n.) A salt of lauric acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) The crystal structure is very similar to that of cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl laurate.
(2) Employing isocratic and gradient-elution high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) a number of straight-chain fatty acid esters (decanoate, laurate, myristate, palmitate) of violaxanthin, auroxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin, prepared by partial synthesis, have been separated on a C18 reversed-phase column.
(3) Furthermore, several additional characteristics of LTB4 hydroxylases indicate that these isozymes of P-450 may be different from those which catalyze similar reactions on medium-chain fatty acids, such as laurate and prostaglandins.
(4) A variety of exogenously added lipids could activate the latent enzyme, among which linoleate, oleate, laurate, linolenate, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol proved to be the effective activators of the latent phenoloxidase.
(5) Potencies for the induction of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FACO) and microsomal laurate hydroxylase (LH) were determined for clofibric acid (CPIB), ciprofibrate (Cipro) and gemfibrozil (Gem) in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes based on complete concentration-response analysis and determination of theoretical maximum inductive responses for Cipro.
(6) The intermediate chain-lenght ester, p-acetamidophenyl decanoate, p-acetamidophenyl laurate, and p-acetamidophenyl myristate, were hydrolyzed at intermedediate time periods extending over 12 hr, approaching completion at 97.5, 87.5, and 80.5%, respectively, when 18 Wilson units of lipase was used in each milliliter of hydrolysis mixture.
(7) In each group, retinyl palmitate constituted 80-85% of the total retinyl esters, followed by stearate (9-13%), laurate, palmitoleate, myristate, linoleate and pentadecanoate making up 3-10%.
(8) The effect of Lipo PGE1 (prostaglandin E1 incorporated in lipid microspheres) on laurate-induced peripheral arterial occlusive disease in rats was evaluated and compared with that of other related compounds.
(9) The reaction between Fremy's salt and alpha-tocopherol (VE), ascorbic acid (VC) and its lipophilic derivatives ascorbyl-6-caprylate (VC-8), 6-laurate (VC-12) and 6-palmitate (VC-16) were studied by stopped-flow ESR spectroscopy in cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles, as a model reaction of these antioxidants with alkyl peroxy radicals in biological systems.
(10) Numerical analysis of multiple binding of two ligands to one carrier has been accomplished, using the principle of several sets of acceptable binding constants, with bilirubin-laurate-albumin as an example.
(11) Laurate, aminopyrine, and benzphetamine undergo hydroxylation in the presence of chemically reduced cytochrome P-450 and molecular oxygen.
(12) Evidence for the enzymatic acylation of (KDO)2-IVA is provided by (a) conversion of [4'-32P](KDO)2-IVA to more rapidly migrating products in the presence of the appropriate acyl-ACP, (b) incorporation of [1-14C]laurate or [1-14C]myristate into these metabolites in the presence of (KDO)2-IVA, (c) fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, and (d) 1H NMR spectroscopy.
(13) Aminopyrine N-demethylation was selectively inhibited by in vitro addition of milrinone but not amrinone, and laurate hydroxylation was inhibited by both drugs.
(14) Spectra of albumin complexes with the 12-carbon saturated fatty acid, lauric acid, had several narrow laurate carboxyl peaks at 35 degrees C, indicating longer lifetimes (tau much greater than 66 msec) in the different binding sites.
(15) The effects of taurocholate, caprylate, and EDTA-2Na for increasing colonic pore sizes and the degree of inulin permeation were less than those of caprate, laurate, or mixed micelles.
(16) Similar findings were also obtained for laurate hydroxylase activity in kidney and liver microsomes.
(17) Caprate, laurate, and mixed micelles at 0.25% caused this radius to increase significantly, thus making it possible for inulin to permeate the everted sac from the mucosal to the serosal side.
(18) The binding model which best fitted the laurate uptake data consisted of two classes of erythrocyte binding sites.
(19) We report here a novel modification at the N terminus of the alpha-subunit of the photoreceptor G protein transducin, T alpha, with heterogeneous fatty acids composed of laurate (C12:0), unsaturated C14:2 and C14:1 fatty acids, and a small amount (approximately 5%) of myristate.
(20) This result is in agreement with the increase of laurate hydroxylase activity after treatment by clofibrate.