(n.) An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) These effects are similar to those reported for AVP and phorbol esters, activators of protein kinase C. Forskolin and isoproterenol, which induce cAMP accumulation, activated extractable topoisomerase II (maximum 5-15 min after treatment), but not topoisomerase I. Permeable cyclic nucleotide analogs dBcAMP and 8BrcGMP selectively activated extractable topoisomerase II and topoisomerase I activities, respectively.
(2) Preincubation of human neutrophils with recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha has previously been shown by us to enhance superoxide production of neutrophils in response to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate.
(3) Tumor promoting phorbol esters (1-1000 nM) could also inhibit PGE2 stimulated cAMP production dose dependently.
(4) These products were identified to be epimers of 5,12(S)-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid methyl ester (5,12(S)-diHETE-Me) and epimers of 11,12-diHETE-Me.
(5) Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester and other activated esters of N-a-sustituted arginine salts may be useful reagents for introduction of trypsin-labile protecting groups into peptide fragments for purpose of polypeptide semi-synthesis.
(6) The immunodetectable PKC level in hypothyroid liver was elevated 7.7-fold, whereas the phorbol-ester binding capacity and the immunodetectable alpha-PKC level were increased 2.4- and 2.6-fold, respectively.
(7) The presence of a previously unreported dipeptide transport mechanism within blood leukocytes and the selective enrichment of the granule enzyme, DPPI, within cytotoxic effector cells of lymphoid or myeloid lineage appear to afford a unique mechanism for the targeting of immunotherapeutic reagents composed of simple dipeptide esters or amides.
(8) Incubation of membrane with DL-Hcys alone (5 X 10(-5) M), the combination of both Ad (5 X 10(-5)) and DL-Hcys (5 X 10(-5)), or S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) (1 X 10(-6)) strongly decreased the methyl ester formation.
(9) To this purpose, the formation of DHT has been measured in rat glial cell cultures after different time of exposure to TPA, 4 alpha-Ph, an active and an inactive phorbol ester respectively, and 8-Br-cAMP.
(10) Insulin incubation of plasma membranes pretreated with protease inhibitors (leupeptin, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride) or with exogenous trypsin, but not chymotrypsin substrates (esters of arginine and tyrosine) yields an inactive supernatant on PDH.
(11) Lymphocyte stimulation by phorbol ester for a short time induces c-fos and c-myc expression, but has no effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation.
(12) The cryptoxanthin esters varied from 5 to 10% of the total carotenoids in Valencia orange juice concentrates and from 10 to 15% of the total carotenoids in Navel orange juice concentrates.
(13) Early in the regression process, cholesterol esters are reduced at least partly by hydrolysis to yield cholesterol, some of which may crystallize and inhibit rapid regression.
(14) The kinetics of the luminescent signal with the different luciferin esters varied significantly, indicating possible differences in the rates of uptake, breakdown and enzyme inhibition.
(15) In comparison to rat pancreas, [D-Phe6]BN-(6-13)ethyl ester, Ac-GRP-(20-26)ethyl ester, [D-Phe6,Cpa14, psi 13-14]BN-(6-14), [Leu14, psi 13-14]BN, and [Leu14, psi 9,10]BN had a 10,000-, 2,940-, 1,425-, 122-, and 4-fold, respectively, weaker affinity for BN receptors.
(16) Enzymatic lability does not, however, play as important a role as lipophilicity in the corneal and conjunctival penetration of cycloalkyl and aryl ester prodrugs.
(17) To determine whether the triadimefon-induced hyperactivity is due to an action on CNS catecholaminergic systems, we evaluated the effects of combined treatment of triadimefon with either the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor d,l-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester HCl (alpha MPT) or the amine depletor reserpine.
(18) Growth of C. albicans in the presence of AGE affected the yeast lipid in a number of ways: the total lipid content was decreased; garlic-grown yeasts had a higher level of phosphatidylserines and a lower level of phosphatidylcholines; in addition to free sterols and sterol esters, C. albicans accumulated esterified steryl glycosides; the concentration of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1) increased and that of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) decreased.
(19) In comparison with native counterparts, the in vitro-formed LDL2 and HDL + VHDL were characterized by lower levels of triglyceride and cholesterol ester and higher levels of free cholesterol and lipid phosphorus.
(20) Several histidine derivatives are not susceptible to the enzyme but do inhibit the enzyme activity competitively; the most effective inhibitors are L-histidine methyl ester (Ki = 3.66 mM) and beta-imidazole lactic acid (Ki = 3.84 mM).
Phthalate
Definition:
(n.) A salt of phthalic acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) Although differences were noted between species, the absolute rates of absorption measured indicate that the phthalate esters are slowly absorbed through both human and rat skin.
(2) In order to make the plastic more flexible, various agents are added, of which the most common is di- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).
(3) The testicular response of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), as well as the kinetics of DEHP and its primary metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), were studied in immature and mature rats.
(4) The phthalate ester method can conveniently be used to follow changes in cell densities during vaso-occlusive events, to monitor therapy targeted at modifying intracellular hemoglobin S concentrations, and in sequential applications in large field trials designed to determine the relationship between red cell heterogeneity and specific manifestations of the sickle cell syndromes.
(5) Phthalates have also been linked to allergies and asthma .
(6) The odorant, diluted in diethyl phthalate, was n-butanol in two experiments and n-amyl acetate in two others.
(7) The stereoselectivity of the teratogenic activity of 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHXA), a metabolite of the widely-used plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, was investigated.
(8) The objective of the present study was to determine if periods of exposure would modify the developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP).
(9) Because this metabolically active cell type plays a central role in spermatogenesis, we examined the effects of a toxic phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), on the secretory and synthetic activities of primary testicular cell cultures isolated from 18-day-old rats.
(10) The time-course for the micronuclei induced by DMtP was in agreement with the literature data on fast excretion of phthalates from mammal body.
(11) as a metabolite of allyl acetate, allyl stearate, allyl benzoate, diallyl phthalate, allyl nitrite, triallyl phosphate and sodium allyl sulphate.
(12) The density distribution of the cells was determined by differential flotation on 20 mixtures of di-n-butyl and dimethyl phthalates with specific gravities of 1.062 to 1.142.
(13) Diethyl phthalate in the desiccant in 100-count bottles of brand A levothyroxine sodium tablets appeared to have leached into the tablets.
(14) Clofibric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and Wy-14,643 induced enzymes indicative of peroxisomal proliferation in primary rat hepatocyte cultures, but not in two human hepatocyte cultures.
(15) The highest concentrations of both DEHP and MEHP were found in the platelet-poor plasma, indicating that platelets do not have a major role in the accumulation of the phthalates in blood.
(16) In air of the chamber, dibutyl phthalate and p-cumylphenol were determined quantitatively by gas chromatography.
(17) Initial experiments demonstrated that peroxisome proliferation could be obtained by exposing primary hepatocyte cultures derived from selenium-deficient rats to clofibric acid (an in vivo hydrolysis product of clofibrate which is the proximate peroxisome proliferator), nafenopin or mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
(18) Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induced chromosome aberrations in cells of two culture lines, one derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) and the other from rat liver cells (RL4).
(19) Data collected on various types of filters (dust and mist; dust, fume, and mist; paint, lacquer, and enamel mist; and high efficiency) challenged with a worst case-type sodium chloride (NaCl) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosol are presented.
(20) In this study, we have compared DEP to four other commonly used plasticizers, 2-diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), 2-diethylhezyl adipate (DEHA), and acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC), for their ability to induce the cytochrome P450-mediated fatty acid omega-hydroxylation system, which is one of the initial cellular responses when animals are treated with peroxisome proliferators.