(n.) An ethereal salt, or compound ether, consisting of an organic radical united with the residue of any oxygen acid, organic or inorganic; thus the natural fats are esters of glycerin and the fatty acids, oleic, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) These effects are similar to those reported for AVP and phorbol esters, activators of protein kinase C. Forskolin and isoproterenol, which induce cAMP accumulation, activated extractable topoisomerase II (maximum 5-15 min after treatment), but not topoisomerase I. Permeable cyclic nucleotide analogs dBcAMP and 8BrcGMP selectively activated extractable topoisomerase II and topoisomerase I activities, respectively.
(2) Preincubation of human neutrophils with recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha has previously been shown by us to enhance superoxide production of neutrophils in response to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate.
(3) Tumor promoting phorbol esters (1-1000 nM) could also inhibit PGE2 stimulated cAMP production dose dependently.
(4) These products were identified to be epimers of 5,12(S)-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid methyl ester (5,12(S)-diHETE-Me) and epimers of 11,12-diHETE-Me.
(5) Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester and other activated esters of N-a-sustituted arginine salts may be useful reagents for introduction of trypsin-labile protecting groups into peptide fragments for purpose of polypeptide semi-synthesis.
(6) The immunodetectable PKC level in hypothyroid liver was elevated 7.7-fold, whereas the phorbol-ester binding capacity and the immunodetectable alpha-PKC level were increased 2.4- and 2.6-fold, respectively.
(7) The presence of a previously unreported dipeptide transport mechanism within blood leukocytes and the selective enrichment of the granule enzyme, DPPI, within cytotoxic effector cells of lymphoid or myeloid lineage appear to afford a unique mechanism for the targeting of immunotherapeutic reagents composed of simple dipeptide esters or amides.
(8) Incubation of membrane with DL-Hcys alone (5 X 10(-5) M), the combination of both Ad (5 X 10(-5)) and DL-Hcys (5 X 10(-5)), or S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) (1 X 10(-6)) strongly decreased the methyl ester formation.
(9) To this purpose, the formation of DHT has been measured in rat glial cell cultures after different time of exposure to TPA, 4 alpha-Ph, an active and an inactive phorbol ester respectively, and 8-Br-cAMP.
(10) Insulin incubation of plasma membranes pretreated with protease inhibitors (leupeptin, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride) or with exogenous trypsin, but not chymotrypsin substrates (esters of arginine and tyrosine) yields an inactive supernatant on PDH.
(11) Lymphocyte stimulation by phorbol ester for a short time induces c-fos and c-myc expression, but has no effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation.
(12) The cryptoxanthin esters varied from 5 to 10% of the total carotenoids in Valencia orange juice concentrates and from 10 to 15% of the total carotenoids in Navel orange juice concentrates.
(13) Early in the regression process, cholesterol esters are reduced at least partly by hydrolysis to yield cholesterol, some of which may crystallize and inhibit rapid regression.
(14) The kinetics of the luminescent signal with the different luciferin esters varied significantly, indicating possible differences in the rates of uptake, breakdown and enzyme inhibition.
(15) In comparison to rat pancreas, [D-Phe6]BN-(6-13)ethyl ester, Ac-GRP-(20-26)ethyl ester, [D-Phe6,Cpa14, psi 13-14]BN-(6-14), [Leu14, psi 13-14]BN, and [Leu14, psi 9,10]BN had a 10,000-, 2,940-, 1,425-, 122-, and 4-fold, respectively, weaker affinity for BN receptors.
(16) Enzymatic lability does not, however, play as important a role as lipophilicity in the corneal and conjunctival penetration of cycloalkyl and aryl ester prodrugs.
(17) To determine whether the triadimefon-induced hyperactivity is due to an action on CNS catecholaminergic systems, we evaluated the effects of combined treatment of triadimefon with either the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor d,l-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester HCl (alpha MPT) or the amine depletor reserpine.
(18) Growth of C. albicans in the presence of AGE affected the yeast lipid in a number of ways: the total lipid content was decreased; garlic-grown yeasts had a higher level of phosphatidylserines and a lower level of phosphatidylcholines; in addition to free sterols and sterol esters, C. albicans accumulated esterified steryl glycosides; the concentration of palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1) increased and that of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) decreased.
(19) In comparison with native counterparts, the in vitro-formed LDL2 and HDL + VHDL were characterized by lower levels of triglyceride and cholesterol ester and higher levels of free cholesterol and lipid phosphorus.
(20) Several histidine derivatives are not susceptible to the enzyme but do inhibit the enzyme activity competitively; the most effective inhibitors are L-histidine methyl ester (Ki = 3.66 mM) and beta-imidazole lactic acid (Ki = 3.84 mM).
Pyrophosphate
Definition:
(n.) A salt of pyrophosphoric acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) afforded significant protection only at the very highest concentration (5.0 mM); inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) did not protect against loss of latency at any concentration.
(2) A comprehensive review of the roentgenographic features of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout) is presented.
(3) Comparison with 99Tc-pyrophosphate uptake in infarcted dog heart, induced by selective obstruction of a coronary artery, suggest that the 111In-labelled F(ab')2 localizes specifically in infarcted myocardium only.
(4) The adequacies of thiamine and riboflavin were assessed by the thiamine pyrophosphate effect and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, respectively.
(5) After restrained least-squares refinement of the enzyme-substrate complex with the riboflavin omitted from the model, additional electron density appeared near the pyrophosphate, which indicated the presence of an ADPR molecule in the FAD binding site of PHBH.
(6) The existence of such an intermediate is suggested by an apparent exchange of both dNMP and pyrophosphate (PPi) moieties of the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) substrate with exogenous molecules.
(7) Studies with resolved components indicate that the thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme of the complex, i.e., the 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (EC 1.2.4.4), is the component stabilized by potassium ion.
(8) These observations support our hypothesis that calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition in joints is regulated by the physical chemical gel state of the connective tissue matrix.
(9) Studies of 12 children with neuroblastoma were performed to assess the comparative sensitivity of skeletal radiography and 99mTc pyrophosphate bone scintigraphy in the detection of metastases to the ends of long bones.
(10) The latter were converted via coupling with moraprenyl phosphoimidazolidate into polyprenyl pyrophosphate derivatives of (I) and (II), which both serve as substrates for mannosylation and polymerisation reactions with enzymes form the Salmonella anatum and S. typhimurium membranes.
(11) Thirty-eight fluids were found to have crystals (monosodium urate (MSU) in 15, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) in 5, CPPD plus apatite-like crystals in 9, apatite-like clumps alone in 8 and lipid liquid in 1).
(12) They received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either the dentifrice containing soluble pyrophosphate and the copolymer, or to the dentifrice containing soluble pyrophosphate but without the copolymer, or to a placebo dentifrice that did not contain an anticalculus ingredient.
(13) The activity is readily solubilized by glucose-6-phosphate, ATP, pyrophosphate, high salt concentrations and, to a lesser extent, ribonucleoside triphosphates.
(14) The results of this study show that the biosynthetic pathway for the formation of C40 carotenes in H. cutirubrum proceeds as follows: isopentenyl pyrophosphate leads to trans-phytoene leads to trans-phytofluene leads to zeta-carotene leads to neurosporene leads to lycopene leads to gamma-carotene leads to beta-carotene.
(15) The final reaction in which an oligosaccharide in transferred from a dolichol pyrophosphate derivative to an endogenous protein was detected in reticulocyte but not in erythrocyte plasma membranes.
(16) Fructose 2-phosphorothioate 6-phosphate was 10-100-fold less potent than authentic fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in stimulating 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and pyrophosphate:fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase, but about 10 times more potent in inhibiting fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.
(17) The purified enzyme hydrolyzed pyrophosphate bonds of nucleoside di- and triphosphates in the presence of calcium ion.
(18) Thus, with elution by either ATP or pyrophosphate, actin has been purified in one step from extracts of acetone-dried muscle powder.
(19) Eighty-eight patients admitted to a coronary care unit with chest pain of varying etiology but without ECG evidence of an acute transmural myocardial infarction had myocardial scintigrams using technetium-99m stannour pyrophosphate (99m-Tc-PYP).
(20) OSC activity was restored in the mutants as determined by [14C]acetate incorporation in vivo as well as incorporation in vitro in cell-free extracts using either [14C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate or [3H]OS as substrate.