(n.) The act of extinguishing or making extinct; a putting an end to; the act of putting out or destroying light, fire, life, activity, influence, etc.
(n.) State of being extinguished or of ceasing to be; destruction; suppression; as, the extinction of life, of a family, of a quarrel, of claim.
Example Sentences:
(1) The stages of mourning involve cognitive learning of the reality of the loss; behaviours associated with mourning, such as searching, embody unlearning by extinction; finally, physiological concomitants of grief may influence unlearning by direct effects on neurotransmitters or neurohormones, such as cortisol, ACTH, or norepinephrine.
(2) The effect upon ethanol responding was found not to resemble a pattern of extinction, but rather was best described as a general overall reduction in responding.
(3) In a recent study, Orr and Lanzetta (1984) showed that the excitatory properties of fear facial expressions previously described (Lanzetta & Orr, 1981; Orr & Lanzetta, 1980) do not depend on associative mechanisms; even in the absence of reinforcement, fear faces intensify the emotional reaction to a previously conditioned stimulus and disrupt extinction of an acquired fear response.
(4) We conclude that the procedure used in this study is a non-intrusive intervention that is an extension of the current literature pertaining to sensory extinction.
(5) After 40 programmed minutes of acquisition and 12 min of maintenance, without notice, both schedules changed to extinction for 28 min.
(6) This differential absorbance is linear with increasing concentrations of Na2MoO4 and was used to calculate the molar extinction coefficient of molybdochelin at 425 nm (epsilon similar to 6,200).
(7) However, during massed testing, all subjects trained with response contingent CS termination showed an overall extinction influence, which was most pronounced in the medial subgroup, although the laterals showed frequency control as well.
(8) When reinforcement for competing behavior was withdrawn, however, rats resumed their original behavior and there were no overall savings in total responses to extinction.
(9) The relative amount of the crystals was measured in both amoeba strains on the basis of the integral extinction value.
(10) Chronic extinction of chain closed conditioned reflex in intact rabbits took five to six days.
(11) The amounts of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin could be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet absorption if the apparent extinction coefficient of the material analyzed was established.
(12) In a number of neurones the extinction of reflexes either does not change the reaction to acetylcholine, or enhances it.
(13) In Experiment 3, following an unsignaled reinforcement delay, groups receiving either no event or signaled food in the context responded faster in extinction than groups receiving no context exposure or unsignaled food.
(14) The optical extinction decreases as the red cell agglutinates grow, giving a parametric estimate of the haemagglutination rate.
(15) By calculating for DNA standard solutions the value of the ratio between the extinction at 665 nm after 15 min to the extinction of 600 nm after 2 min of the orcinol reaction it is possible to increase specifiaty of the orcinol method for determination of the RNA content.
(16) To lose the Sundarbans would be to move a step closer to the extinction of these majestic animals," said ZSL tiger expert Sarah Christie.
(17) Values obtained for thebuoyant density, isoelectric point, and extinction coefficient differed minimally; major differences were observed in the molecular weight and the characterisitc width of cylinders formed by in vitro-assembled T-layer of the wild-type and variant.
(18) The CS+ preference persisted for several weeks during extinction tests when both the CS+ and CS- were paired with IG water or with no infusions.
(19) The extinction coefficient at 550 nm for the oxidized enzyme is about 5300 (M subunit)-1 X cm-1.
(20) On this planet, extinction is the norm – of the 4 billion species ever thought to have evolved, 99% have become extinct.
Extirpation
Definition:
(n.) The act of extirpating or rooting out, or the state of being extirpated; eradication; excision; total destruction; as, the extirpation of weeds from land, of evil from the heart, of a race of men, of heresy.
Example Sentences:
(1) Prompt diagnosis, in which timely diagnostic laparoscopy and ultrasound evaluation of the pelvis may be helpful, provides the opportunity for prompt laparotomy with untwisting of the torsion and stabilization of the adnexa by suture and cystectomy, if possible, extirpation if not.
(2) Resection of the peritracheal segments of the thyroid gland with the isthmus extirpation was performed.
(3) 7 cases with bronchiectasis of left lower lobe and lingular segment were treated with left lower lobectomy and extirpation of the bronchi of lingular segment.
(4) Experiments were performed with eight head and neck tumors following their surgical extirpation.
(5) The activities of the tumour centre have proved extremely valuable as it contributes to establishing more general lines concerning biopsy, attempted total extirpation, observation, or enucleation, to the benefit of patients as well as research.
(6) Nine rat livers were extirpated after core cooling, preserved for six hours in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 4 degrees C and then were connected to a perfusion chamber (hypothermic preservation group: 6-hr HP group).
(7) A cavernous angioma of the tentorium cerebelli, first disclosed by perinatal serial ultrasonographic studies, was extirpated totally without remarkable neurological deficit in a neonate.
(8) Studies such as these have led increasing numbers of women to elect immediate breast reconstruction as opposed to delaying that reconstruction for months or even years after the tumor extirpation.
(9) A case is reported in a young healthy pregnant woman, who developed a granuloma gravidarum on the right side of her nasal septum, recurring several times after delivery in spite of extirpation.
(10) Seven patients underwent surgical extirpation or section of the vestibular nerve, and seven patients underwent labyrinthectomy without vestibular nerve section.
(11) None of the extirpated grafts had the same histologic pattern as the eutopic endometrium.
(12) Morbidity from local manifestations of the tumor left in situ was markedly increased, whereas those patients afforded an extirpative operation had a much improved quality of life.
(13) Extirpation of this tumor disclosed yellowish white, homogeneous mass, 101 g in weight and 7 by 7 by 3.5 cm in diameter.
(14) The treatment of patients with Wilms' tumour was narrowly coordinated by the program consisting of the surgical extirpation of the tumour, postoperative irradiation of the tumorous area at degrees II, III, IV and V and intensive adjuvant chemiotherapy.
(15) All three patients were treated with radical extirpation.
(16) Primary therapy for those patients (1979-1983) had been definitive extirpation with adjuvant therapy determined by histologic grade, histologic subtype, myometrial invasion, and peritoneal cytologic findings.
(17) Of these, approximately 23% (four of 17) had recovered auditory function before acoustic neuroma extirpation.
(18) A craniotomy followed by a bilateral external ethmoidectomy was necessary for complete extirpation of the infected mucoceles.
(19) The removal of the affected uterus together with the pelvic lymph nodes and the extirpation of a vaginal cuff should be obligatory.
(20) Exploratory laparotomy revealed the mass to be appendiceal adenocarcinoma, which was treated with extirpation of all the visible tumor and repair of the anatomic defect.