What's the difference between false and sham?

False


Definition:

  • (superl.) Uttering falsehood; unveracious; given to deceit; dishnest; as, a false witness.
  • (superl.) Not faithful or loyal, as to obligations, allegiance, vows, etc.; untrue; treacherous; perfidious; as, a false friend, lover, or subject; false to promises.
  • (superl.) Not according with truth or reality; not true; fitted or likely to deceive or disappoint; as, a false statement.
  • (superl.) Not genuine or real; assumed or designed to deceive; counterfeit; hypocritical; as, false tears; false modesty; false colors; false jewelry.
  • (superl.) Not well founded; not firm or trustworthy; erroneous; as, a false claim; a false conclusion; a false construction in grammar.
  • (superl.) Not essential or permanent, as parts of a structure which are temporary or supplemental.
  • (superl.) Not in tune.
  • (adv.) Not truly; not honestly; falsely.
  • (a.) To report falsely; to falsify.
  • (a.) To betray; to falsify.
  • (a.) To mislead by want of truth; to deceive.
  • (a.) To feign; to pretend to make.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) Analysis revealed some significant differences in the false-positive rate, depending on the test method used or virus samples evaluated.
  • (2) These results indicate that HBV markers in cord blood are either false-positive or due to contamination by maternal blood rather than an indication of in utero infection.
  • (3) Administration of furosemide might result, on occasion, in a false positive test for pheochromocytoma.
  • (4) Antigen of HK-9 strain created in this area a characteristic pattern with all sera containing the specific anti-E. histolytica antibodies and, therefore, EITB can be used for excluding false positive results in ELISA.
  • (5) However, in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) cases, a high false positive rate of 41% was observed in Americans.
  • (6) Results of sleep sampling under electroencephalographic control of the assessment of GH secretion are comparable to conventional pharmacological studies in terms of efficiency, sensitivity, and percentage false-negatives.
  • (7) Newer modalities, such as TRUS and PSA, can identify patients with nonpalpable prostate cancer, but the use of these tests will also result in many false-positives.
  • (8) In one case MRI showed a false image of tear of the supra spinatus m. on its anterior edge.
  • (9) In response, Trump used Twitter to falsely claim that the woman in question, Alicia Machado, had made a sex tape.
  • (10) The incidence of false positive and false negative cells seen after hybridization of tritiated Y-probes to control lymphocyte cultures suggests that it should normally be possible to distinguish morphologically normal male and female pre-embryos with samples of three to six interphase nuclei.
  • (11) Three Labour MPs and a Tory peer will be charged with false accounting in relation to their parliamentary expenses, it was announced today.
  • (12) Pseudohyponatremia is a falsely low serum sodium measurement.
  • (13) The small number of discordant outcomes could generally be accounted for by three factors: (1) retinal abnormalities beyond those considered in the photographic grading system (12 eyes), (2) nonretinal visual pathway disease (five eyes), or (3) false-positive and false-negative results in the measurement systems used to evaluate structure and function (five eyes).
  • (14) At cut-off levels chosen to yield the same false positive rate the quantitative DBA method detected 93% of smokers, close to that of 98% detected with the cotinine RIA.
  • (15) Several months later, as the patient experienced relapses with cerebellar and spinal cord involvement, falsely positive tests for syphilis were found and an antibiotic treatment was given.
  • (16) He received five years for one count of conspiracy and three years for two counts of filing a false tax return.
  • (17) Two officers who witnessed the shooting of unarmed 43-year-old Samuel DuBose in Cincinnati will not face criminal charges, despite seemingly corroborating a false claim that DuBose’s vehicle dragged officer Ray Tensing before he was fatally shot.
  • (18) In three cases, no arterial lesion was detected (3 false-positive findings).
  • (19) DNA-samples from HSV-infected and uninfected Vero cells have been examined concurrently to provide standard "HSV-positive" and "HSV-negative" samples, the latter guarding also against false positives caused by cross-contamination.
  • (20) Systolic time intervals measured after profuse sweating can give a false impression of cardiac function.

Sham


Definition:

  • (n.) That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug.
  • (n.) A false front, or removable ornamental covering.
  • (a.) False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham fight.
  • (v. t.) To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses.
  • (v. t.) To obtrude by fraud or imposition.
  • (v. t.) To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign.
  • (v. i.) To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) The results indicated that smoke, as opposed to sham puffs, significantly reduced reports of cigarette craving, and local anesthesia significantly blocked this immediate reduction in craving produced by smoke inhalation.
  • (2) Five days later, the animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: Group 1 received intracranial implantation of controlled-release polymers containing dexamethasone; Group 2 received intraperitoneal implantation of controlled-release polymers containing dexamethasone; Group 3 received serial intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone; and Group 4 received sham treatment.
  • (3) In contrast sham-hemodialysis in group CA and group PS, respectively, did not result in significant increases in amino acid efflux from the leg implying that the protein catabolic effect of blood membrane contact depends on the chemical properties of dialysis membranes.
  • (4) Meanwhile Ed Miliband, the Labour leader, waiting anxiously for news of the scale of the Labour advance in his first nationwide electoral test, will urge the electorate not to be duped by the promise of a coalition mark 2, predicting sham concessions by the Conservatives .
  • (5) The plasma renin activity of the 1 day post-stenosis rats showed 65% higher activity than the sham controls with no significant change in the 30-60 days post-stenosis.
  • (6) The results indicate that, regardless of the photoperiod, no clear functional relationship can be found between the avian pineal gland and thyroid function, although a transitory increase in T4 levels was seen in both pinealectomized and sham-operated birds shortly after the operations.
  • (7) The amounts of erythropoietin produced in animals subjected to hepatectomy are significantly higher than those observed in sham-operated animals.
  • (8) However, stimulation of the release of NTLI by intraduodenal administration of oleic acid (0.2 ml) resulted in significantly higher p-NTLI levels in the nephrectomized rats than in the sham operated rats.
  • (9) Three groups of male rats received lesions of AP and another 3 groups received sham lesion.
  • (10) Pretreatment with CV6209 had no significant influence on these parameters in sham-operated animals.
  • (11) We found that kidney extracts from 6 h and 24 h uninephrectomized rats increased [3H]thymidine incorporation into tubular cell DNA, dose-dependently, compared to those from sham-operated rats.
  • (12) The sizes of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (N) cells in the adrenal medulla of nonoperated (NO), sham-operated (SPX), and pinealectomized (PX) male rats (n = 126) were investigated by quantitative light microscopy.
  • (13) The concentrations and total content of the nicotinamide nucleotides were measured in the livers of rats at various times after partial hepatectomy and laparotomy (sham hepatectomy) and correlated with other events in the regeneration process.
  • (14) The volume densities of the differing strial components from steroid-administered animals were determined to approximate those of sham-adrenalectomized animals in general.
  • (15) With five daily 1-hr occlusions of the hepatic artery, rats benefited from significantly reduced tumor growth rates compared with controls that underwent sham operation (P less than 0.05).
  • (16) In the dynamic phase the weight of interscapular brown adipose tissue was significantly increased in the VMH-lesioned rats, but the specific GDP binding was depressed both in the morning and afternoon when compared with either the sham-operated or PVN-lesioned groups.
  • (17) There were no changes in the joints which had sham operations.
  • (18) In contrast, in Px-SUC both masses were comparable to the sham groups.
  • (19) Only at 3 days did total plasma volume of SAD rats show a modest reduction of about 16% (P less than 0.05 vs. sham-operated plus unoperated controls).
  • (20) The binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor (EGF) was compared in acini isolated from the regenerating remnant following 90% partial pancreatectomy (ppx) and from the pancreas of sham-pancreatectomized (sham-ppx) rats.