(n.) The act of falsifying, or making false; a counterfeiting; the giving to a thing an appearance of something which it is not.
(n.) Willful misstatement or misrepresentation.
(n.) The showing an item of charge in an account to be wrong.
Example Sentences:
(1) Unethical conduct in research can be divided into five categories: 1) falsification of data, in which the researcher manipulates results, provides data without experimentation, or biases the results to give a false impression of their value; 2) failure to credit others (former colleagues, students, associates) for research results or ideas; 3) plagiarism, use of other's published material (ideas, graphs, or tabular data) without permission or credit; 4) conflicts of commitment or interest in which work or ownership in a private firm in some way conflicts or detracts from the duties to the institution they represent or allows private gain through the individual's employment at the institution; 5) biased experimental design or interpretation of data to support public or private groups that have provided financial support for research.
(2) These issues include the desirability of including adolescents and both pregnant and nonpregnant women in the trial, the use of unapproved control regimens, problems with antimicrobial susceptibility testing due to inadequate methodology and the need for prompt treatment, the need to assess agents for treatment of syndromes of unknown microbial etiology, toxicity considerations related to the use of single-dose regimens, management of the sexual partners of the participants in the trial, analysis of data despite the high frequency of minor protocol violations, sexual reexposure to infection during the trial, and the potential for loss, alteration, or falsification of data because of the relative simplicity of the usual protocol design and the diagnostic reliance on specimens that are routinely discarded.
(3) But as with the December vote, independent election monitors and opposition activists presented evidence of widespread falsifications, including ballot stuffing and "carousel voting" – packing vans with voters and bussing them to several polling sites to cast numerous votes.
(4) Once incongruent persistence is suspected, the possibility of parental falsification of symptoms must be faced.
(5) Jean-Claude Ghislain, director of evaluation of medical devices at AFSSAPS, has said: "There was a falsification of documentation, which obviously made audits very difficult."
(6) As increased isopropanol and acetone levels are discussed as alcoholism markers, a falsification of congener analysis after skin disinfection, e.g.
(7) If you approve as a member of a supervisory board financial accounts which you know that 2 million are not accrued you have possibly done a falsification of a document.
(8) Over a dozen opposition leaders, including former presidential candidates, have been prosecuted for protesting against falsification of the election results.
(9) The French foreign minister at the time of the 1994 massacres, Alain Juppé, said Kagame's comments were a "falsification of history".
(10) This paper delineates three major types of communicative bipersonal fields: Type A, the symbolic field of illusion and play; Type B, the field of action in discharge and projective identification; and Type C, the static field characterized by impenetrable barriers, falsifications, destruction of meaning, and a rupture of the link between patient and therapist or analyst.
(11) Potential false negatives or falsification of positives are discussed.
(12) Using active anterior and posterior rhinomanometry there are possible several falsifications.
(13) There was also a scandal in 1999 over the falsification of quality assurance data but the worst incident at Sellafield, then-called Windscale, came in 1957 when a fire broke out which resulted in significant quantities of radioactive material being released into the environment.
(14) In case of suspected falsification of the Kentjur powder by other Zingiberaceae rhizome powders or their starches it is difficult to differentiate.
(15) Cancer patients considered most at risk from alleged falsification of appointment and treatment times by the hospital managing their care were only told of the crisis in letters sent by courier on Monday – the day before a devastating report from the national standards regulator was published.
(16) A re-activation of treated farm or laboratory animals which is set up too early might produce reduction of efficiency or falsification of experimental results.
(17) Russians continued to register cases of falsification through the night and into Monday.
(18) Gorbachev added that authorities "must admit that there have been numerous falsifications and ballot stuffing".
(19) Although such kinetic models are likely to be oversimplifications of the behavior of a large macromolecule, these models may provide some insight into the mechanisms that control the gating of the channel, and are subject to falsification by new data.
(20) The raw material is the major limitation: because of the variability of drugs and because of economic factors which include the risk of falsifications.
Refutal
Definition:
(n.) Act of refuting; refutation.
Example Sentences:
(1) The operational meaning of all the resulting theorems is that when any of them appear to be refuted experimentally, the presence of more than one parallel transport pathway (that is, of membrane heterogeneity transverse to the direction of transport) can be inferred and analyzed.
(2) The results presented refute arguments that these enzymes proceed by a concerted mechansim and support the intermediacy of aminoacyladenylates.
(3) Theories of urea formation during allantoin degradation in Glycine max have been recently refuted.
(4) A mitochondriogenic mechanism of calcification could not be confirmed nor refuted by this study.
(5) The probability that the initial situation is correct--the proband and the cohabitant's six children are all legitimate-is "practically refuted": W = 0.03%.
(6) The IFS says similar declines emerge if you set the figure as low as 40% of median income – utterly refuting Nick Clegg's toxic line dismissing the threshold as just "poverty plus a pound" .
(7) Molly Prince, managing director of the company, refuted the Guardian story with some lustily expressed but random facts: "CPUK have not only purchased tents for everyone (some stewards wanted to use their own but it was too wet to put them up, they insisted in having a go!).
(8) The need for neighboring states to use their data to confirm or refute findings is stressed.
(9) Hume, whose grantmaking credentials include leading a £500m cancer and palliative care grant programme for the Big Lottery Fund, refutes the notion that hospices will lose out.
(10) Additional studies are highly desirable to confirm or refute these findings, which, if valid, mean increasing lung cancer hazards caused by a decrease in ventilation in future energy saving unless special measures are undertaken to reduce radon daughters in dwellings.
(11) This did not happen and, on the evidence presented in this paper, the Fry theory of the pathogenesis of the deviated nasal septum is refuted.
(12) Marshall refuted claims CSIRO was moving away from public good scientific research , labelling it disturbing and untrue.
(13) This explanation was refuted, as all thymic subpopulations were found to express CD1, albeit with differences in antigen density, whereas all extrathymic subpopulations lack CD1.
(14) Location of En at the MN locus would not, however, refute the theory that Wra and Wrb cannot function in the absence of En.
(15) The hypothesis that the function of recA gene is to convert the unidirectionally replicating machinery in the free state to the bidirectionally replicating one in the integrated state is refuted accordingly.
(16) Observation refutes Freud's often quoted statement that masturbation is further removed from the nature of women than of men.
(17) Use of such data led to a false impression of drug efficacy, an impression later refuted when proper control studies demonstrated that the range of disease was much greater than had been previously supposed.
(18) Results refute the assertion that people who stutter are more anxious or depressed than those who do not.
(19) The claim made by astrologers that people can be characterized according to their sign of the zodiac (sagitarius, taurus, cancer, scorpion) must be refuted.
(20) Predictions from the chiasma map can be confirmed or refuted only by genetic evidence for which the estimates of this paper serve as initial values to begin maximum likelihood iteration.