(1) -0.55 V was identified as being due to an interfacial process connected with reversible protein re-orientations in the adsorption layer and, possibly, with fast faradaic reactions of both adsorbed redox states of the immunoglobulin.
(2) This pseudo-capacitance can be thought of as representing empirically the non-faradaic, double layer capacitance in the presence of specific adsorption and surface roughness effects.
(3) Apart from the faradaic impedance and the double layer capacitance, the high frequency part is dominated by the behaviour of the corrosion products layer on the amalgam surface.
(4) Arrays of platinum (faradaic) and anodized, sintered tantalum pentoxide (capacitor) electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the subdural space of the parietal cortex of the cat.
(5) It is concluded that for very small intracortical electrodes, capacitor electrodes will not be competitive with electrodes which operate using surface localized faradaic reactions.
(6) It is concluded that most of the neural damage from stimulations of the brain surface at the level used in this study derives from processes associated with passage of the stimulus current through tissue, such as neuronal hyperactivity rather than electrochemical reactions associated with current injection across the electrode-tissue interface, since such reactions occur only with the faradaic electrodes.
(7) The effect of bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG), adsorbed on different electrode materials, on faradaic reactions of hexacyanoferrate(III)-hexacyanoferrate(II), hydroquinone-benzoquinone, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced from (NADH), and phenol is described and discussed.
(8) Conversely, at all other electrodes, faradaic reactions compete to some extent with an osteogenic response.
(9) Significant differences observed between platinum-iridium and stainless-steel electrodes seem to suggest that faradaic results play little or no role in the osteogenic response at the platinum-iridium cathode.
(10) Faradaic signals due to cycles of continuous oxidation and reduction of dopamine at the tip of the electrode can be observed superimposed on a fixed charging current.
(11) However, the insertion of a constant phase element (CPE) in the non-faradaic branch of the equivalent circuit offers a new scope for interpretation as the circuit provides an m-parameter corresponding to the degree of distortion.
(12) Capacitor electrodes offer the potential for the safest method of stimulation of neural tissue because they operate without any faradaic process occurring at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
(13) The effects of heat transfer through the highly conductive metal electrode and irreversible Faradaic reactions have been considered.
Induction
Definition:
(n.) The act or process of inducting or bringing in; introduction; entrance; beginning; commencement.
(n.) An introduction or introductory scene, as to a play; a preface; a prologue.
(n.) The act or process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal; also, the result or inference so reached.
(n.) The introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of an official into a office, with appropriate acts or ceremonies; the giving actual possession of an ecclesiastical living or its temporalities.
(n.) A process of demonstration in which a general truth is gathered from an examination of particular cases, one of which is known to be true, the examination being so conducted that each case is made to depend on the preceding one; -- called also successive induction.
(n.) The property by which one body, having electrical or magnetic polarity, causes or induces it in another body without direct contact; an impress of electrical or magnetic force or condition from one body on another without actual contact.
Example Sentences:
(1) All rats were examined in the conscious, unrestrained state 12 wk after induction of diabetes or acidified saline (pH 4.5) injection.
(2) The influence of the various concepts for the induction of lateral structure formation in lipid membranes on integral functional units like ionophores is demonstrated by analysing the single channel current fluctuations of gramicidin in bimolecular lipid membranes.
(3) Cellulase regulation appears to depend upon a complex relationship involving catabolite repression, inhibition, and induction.
(4) Injection of resistant mice with Salmonella typhimurium did not result in the induction of a population of macrophages that expressed I-A continuously.
(5) This induction is sensitive to actinomycin D but not to protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin, indicating an effect of estradiol at the transcriptional level, possibly mediated by the estrogen receptor.
(6) Here we show that this induction of AP-2 mRNA is at the level of transcription and is transient, reaching a peak 48-72 hr after the addition of RA and declining thereafter, even in the continuous presence of RA.
(7) Induction of labor, based upon only (1) a finding of meconium in the amniocentesis group or (2) a positive test in the OCT group, was nearly three times more frequent in the amniocentesis group.
(8) The effects of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides were investigated on the induction of chromosome aberrations in human peripheral lymphocyte cultures in vitro and in lymphocytes of exposed workers in vivo.
(9) During the 1st h after induction of the sporulation process, the rate of protein synthesis increased to two times the initial value.
(10) This activation demonstrated in humans confirms the pharmacological results of the interferon induction obtained with SL04 in vivo in mice and in vitro in human cell cultures.
(11) The induction of cells with two Y chromosomes by nitrogen mustard (NM) was examined.
(12) The influence of the inhibitors on the transferase induction was dose and time-dependent.
(13) Addition in the cultures of 4-deoxypyridoxine, a potent antagonist of vitamin B6 coenzymes, concurrently with the mitogen, inhibits the induction of serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
(14) Here we report direct measurements of protein kinase C (PKC) activity in uninduced ectoderm, and in neuroectoderm shortly after induction by the involuting mesoderm, in Xenopus laevis embryos.
(15) Glucocorticoids have been shown in in vitro systems to inhibit the release of arachidonic acid metabolites, namely prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes, apparently, via the induction of a phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein, called lipocortin.
(16) The EEG became isoelectric within 20 s after induction of ischaemia.
(17) Our findings demonstrate that interleukin-2 (IL-2), but not interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or interleukin-1 (IL-1), is able to inhibit the induction of T-cell unresponsiveness in a dose-dependent fashion.
(18) Characerization of further parameters such as relative susceptibility to tolerance induction and relative degree of specificity was not possible with the use of KLH as the antigen.
(19) When Zn injection was preceded by a Cd injection, induction as measured by MT-1 mRNA and MT concentrations were approximately additive in liver.
(20) We conclude that plasma LAP measurements have little value in monitoring ovulation induction therapy.