What's the difference between filament and protonema?

Filament


Definition:

  • (n.) A thread or threadlike object or appendage; a fiber; esp. (Bot.), the threadlike part of the stamen supporting the anther.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) Conditions consistent with a buildup of reduced flavoprotein, however, favored filament formation.
  • (2) Suspensions of isolated insect flight muscle thick filaments were embedded in layers of vitreous ice and visualized in the electron microscope under liquid nitrogen conditions.
  • (3) Ordering of these filaments into a parallel array is the basis of birefringence in the A region, and loss of birefringence is therefore a measure of decreased order.
  • (4) Structural studies indicate that caveolae are decorated on their cytoplasmic surface by a unique array of filaments or strands that form striated coatings.
  • (5) Accumulations of filaments in the axons and in the perineural cells were accompanied by Rosenthal fibres.
  • (6) Electron microscopic examination of all leptomeningeal and meningioma cultures revealed desmosomes and dense tonofilament formation; in addition, granular, filamentous basement membrane-like material was abundant in the extracellular spaces of all cultures.
  • (7) A new method of staining the keratin filament matrix allowing a visualization of the filaments in cross section of hair fibres has been developed.
  • (8) These force-generators are identified with projections (cross-bridges) on the thick filament, each consisting of part of a myosin molecule.
  • (9) In smooth muscles there is no organized sarcomere structure wherein the relative movement of myosin filaments and actin filaments has been documented during contraction.
  • (10) The results indicate that synthesis of lamellar bodies depends on an intact microtubular system, whereas secretion requires actin filaments in a functional state.
  • (11) The latter reaction is linked to a conformation change of the actin subunit that causes a destabilization of the actin-actin interactions in the filament, i.e., a structural change of the filament.
  • (12) In the capsule of the fibrocartilage cells, parallel orientated filaments exhibit a periodical arrangement.
  • (13) The images of 56 tubular myosin filaments of the fleshfly and 62 filaments of the housefly were digitized and computer processed by rotational averaging.
  • (14) It does not appear to react with the anti-IFA antibody, suggesting that it is not a member of the intermediate filament class of proteins.
  • (15) This suggests that cytokeratin 14 acts as an indiscriminate type I cytokeratin in filament formation in the established cell lines.
  • (16) Gene II protein is required for all phases of filamentous phage DNA synthesis other than the conversion of the infecting single strand to the parental double-stranded molecule.
  • (17) This supports the view that the pH is of no major importance for filamentation in vivo.
  • (18) Ultrastructural examination of a tumor with a typical cribriform pattern showed spaces of two types; the more frequent type was bounded by cells with straight plasma membranes and contained filamentous and basement-membrane-like material, and the less frequent type was surrounded by cells with numerous microvilli and contained nonfilamentous homogeneous material.
  • (19) The bright lines in the difference image represent the paths along which the filaments have moved and are measured using a crosshair cursor controlled by the mouse.
  • (20) Astrocytes showed a transitional swelling, later followed by an accumulation of glycogen and filaments.

Protonema


Definition:

  • (n.) The primary growth from the spore of a moss, usually consisting of branching confervoid filaments, on any part of which stem and leaf buds may be developed.

Example Sentences:

  • (1) The filamentous protonema of this moss initiates bud cells which through repeated divisions form the leafy gametophores.
  • (2) Growing chloronema and rhizoid cells of the intact protonema of Funaria hygrometrica absorb luminescent stains selectively.
  • (3) In addition, increasing concentrations of AFB1 caused a reduction in the total number of cells per protonema.
  • (4) The filamentous protonema undergoes a number of developmental transitions that can be observed directly in living material using time-lapse video microscopy and that can be manipulated both by treatment with phytohormones and by environmental stimuli.
  • (5) Changes in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) after cytokinin-treatment in protonema cells of the moss Funaria hygrometrica have been measured using the pentapotassium salt of Indo-1.
  • (6) The anion stain (uranine) is absorbed by the basal end of the apical cells and by intercalary cells of the protonema filaments.
  • (7) Fern (Onoclea sensibilis) gametophytes when grown in the dark form a linear file of cells (one-dimensional) called a protonema.

Words possibly related to "protonema"