What's the difference between forebrain and putamen?
Forebrain
Definition:
(n.) The anterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the prosencephalon and thalamencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the prosencephalon only. See Brain.
Example Sentences:
(1) We assessed changes in brain water content, as reflected by changes in tissue density, during the early recirculation period following severe forebrain ischemia.
(2) To study these changes more thoroughly, specific monoclonal antibodies of the A and B subunits of calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B) were raised, and regional alterations in the immunoreactivity of calcineurin in the rat hippocampus were investigated after a transient forebrain ischemic insult causing selective and delayed hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell damage.
(3) The analogy with infant sleep patterns and results of studies of brain function in narcoleptics suggest that forebrain inhibitory processes are more important in narcoleptic symptomology than is brainstem dysfunction.
(4) Neural plate damage, expressed during a critical period of forebrain development, was evaluated 48 h post-insonation.
(5) This result contraindicates a general permissive-requisite role for forebrain NE for the mammalian brain's plasticity during its critical periods.
(6) Key findings include a progressive degeneration of these cholinergic neurons characterized by the formation of immunoreactively atypical NFT, the loss of intraneuronal lipofuscin, a lack of senile plaque and beta-amyloid deposition within the basal forebrain, and end-stage gliosis without residual extracellular NFT.
(7) The hypothalamus is a most complex part of the CNS having rich interconnections with forebrain, limbic and brainstem structures.
(8) Results suggest that the locomotor activating effects of CRF may be due to an activation of CRF receptors in the ventral forebrain, a region rich in CRF cell bodies and projections.
(9) Sixty days after 5,7-DHT administration, immunoreactive serotonin in the forebrain, particularly the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflets, was severely depleted in 16 animals, moderately depleted in four and only slightly affected in four.
(10) Twelve-hour polygraph recordings were made before and at various intervals after basal forebrain damage in a total of eight cats.
(11) Impairments of cognition and memory in AD result from disease of neurons in a number of regions, including brainstem, basal forebrain, amygdala, hippocampus, and neocortex.
(12) Patients with bilateral forebrain disease may commonly manifest the syndrome of pathologic laughing and weeping.
(13) Ovariectomized (OVXed) animals were implanted with chronic cannulas in the basal forebrain.
(14) Thus, neurons of the habenula and interpeduncular nucleus are under the direct and indirect influence of septal neurons within the limbic forebrain circuit.
(15) A detailed description is offered on supply of the nucleus preopticus medialis, lateralis, suprachiasmatis and periventricularis, as well as of the nucleus interstitialis striae criminalis and of the preoptic portion of the medical forebrain bundle.
(16) The regional distribution of forebrain neurons expressing preprocholecystokinin (preproCCK) mRNA was examined using in situ and blot hybridization analysis.
(17) Some LC neurones were activated trans-synaptically by stimulation of those forebrain sites which received axonal projections from LC.
(18) Other antidromically activated neurons in the vasodepressor region may be inhibitory vasomotor cells with a function relatively independent of baroreceptor inputs, or they may be A1 catecholamine neurons, with axons passing through the rostral medulla en route to the forebrain.
(19) Fewer, but still ample numbers, of SP-reactive axons are present also in the ventral tegmental and retrorubral areas of the midbrain tegmentum and in the ventral pallidum of the basal forebrain, but only sparse ME-reactive axons are present in these areas.
(20) 5-HT containing terminals and fibers also were observed in the mesencephalon and appeared to run rostrally in the medial part of the medial forebrain bundle.
Putamen
Definition:
(n.) The shell of a nut; the stone of a drupe fruit. See Endocarp.
Example Sentences:
(1) In schizophrenic patients the density of dopamine uptake sites in the basal ganglia was slightly reduced, mainly in the middle third of putamen.
(2) Increased iron levels in basal ganglia were generally associated with normal or elevated levels of ferritin immunoreactivity, for example, the substantia nigra in PSP and possibly MSA, and in putamen in MSA.
(3) Hence, in the intact caudate-putamen dopamine appears to suppress expression of these two neuropeptide genes leading to an activation of both NPY and SOM mRNA expression in many non- or low-expressing neurons when the level of dopamine is decreased.
(4) Senescent (26-28 months) Fischer 344 rats were shown to have a lower density of D2 sites (-36%) without any change in affinity in membranes prepared from homogenized caudate-putamen (CPU), as compared to young adult (5-6 months) rats.
(5) The results demonstrated that partial di-mesencephalic hemitransections produced a marked reduction of DA fluorescence (quantitative histofluorimetry) on the lesioned side in the nucleus caudatus putamen, anterior nucleus accumbens and posterior lateral tuberculum olfactorium.
(6) Overflow curves in both regions could be described with similar kinetic parameters except for the Vmax, which in the nucleus accumbens was only 60% of that measured in the caudate-putamen.
(7) The effect of sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) on the generation of slow wave depolarisation in the rat caudate-putamen (CPu) was studied using in vivo voltammetry.
(8) Radioligand binding studies were conducted using [3H]CFT and [3H]GBR 12935 to label elements of the dopamine uptake system in caudate-putamen membranes of cynomolgus monkeys.
(9) Secondarily marked structures were the posterior part of the lateral reticular formation, the caudato-putamen area and the prefrontal and frontal cortex.
(10) The density of D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors in human caudate nucleus and putamen, obtained postmortem, were studied throughout the adult lifespan using [3H]fluphenazine as the dopamine receptor ligand.
(11) The IC50 values for the drugs in tissue sections corresponded closely with their reported IC50 values in monkey caudate-putamen membranes (r = 0.99, p less than 0.001), suggesting that [3H]CFT binding is similar in the two preparations.
(12) In addition, labeling was seen in the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, amygdala, and substantia nigra.
(13) The results combined with previous studies demonstrate a close correspondence between the potencies of 15 different drugs for producing cocaine-like behavioral effects and for displacing specifically bound [3H]cocaine in caudate-putamen.
(14) [3H]Forskolin binding sites were found to be markedly decreased in the lateral segment of the caudate putamen supplied by the occluded MCA after 90 min of ischemia with no recirculation.
(15) DYN B cell bodies were present in nonpyramidal cells of neo- and allocortices, medium-sized cells of the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, and in sectors of nearly every hypothalamic nucleus and area, medial pretectal area, and nucleus of the optic tract, periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei, cuneiform nucleus, sagulum, retrorubral nucleus, peripeduncular nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, lateral superior olivary nucleus, superior paraolivary nucleus, medial superior olivary nucleus, ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus, accessory trigeminal nucleus, solitary nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, paratrigeminal nucleus, area postrema, lateral reticular nucleus, and ventrolateral region of the reticular formation.
(16) In the nucleus accumbens and ventral putamen (ventral striatum), a patchy distribution of beta 1 receptors was observed that was not evident in the rat.
(17) A monoclonal antibody raised against choline acetyltransferase was localized in semi-adjacent ultrathin sections through 24 neurons in the dorsolateral caudate-putamen nuclei.
(18) In the caudate-putamen, more than half of the neurons express the proenkephalin gene.
(19) Parkinsonian patients who died during Madopar therapy demonstrated a significant increase of MHPG in caudate n., putamen, s. nigra, n. ruber, n. amygdalae and n. accumbens when compared to the untreated group, indicating an enhanced turnover of noradrenaline in these areas.
(20) Increased densities of carbachol-resistant and pirenzepine-sensitive sites (M1 receptor subtype) were apparent over many forebrain structures including the olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebral cortex.