(a.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; -- said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc.
(n.) A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 197-206, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) Phoneme identification responses collected in the same experiments, as well as informal observations about the quality of the restored phoneme, suggested that restoration of a fricative phone distinct from the extraneous noise did not occur; rather, the spectrum of the extraneous noise itself influenced phoneme identification.
(2) In another experiment, interdependence of two phonetic judgments was found in responses based on the fricative noise and the vocalic formants of a fricative-vowel syllable.
(3) As expected, glottal vibration extended over a longer time in the obstruent interval for voiced fricatives than for voiceless fricatives, and there were more extensive transitions of the first formant adjacent to voiced fricatives than for the voiceless cognates.
(4) Hearing-impaired persons with reduced voicing perception for final fricatives were studied for improvement in perception via training or enhancement of the vowel duration cue.
(5) Another cue for the fricative-affricate distinction is the duration of the fricative noise in SHOP (CHOP).
(6) We report experimental results that confirm Kohler's perceptual assumption: In the context of a following word initial stop, fricatives were less confusable than nasals or unreleased stops.
(7) When errors were analyzed according to manner of production, affricatives and fricatives were significantly more susceptible to error than all others.
(8) Studies on vowel and consonant recognition suggest enhancing all speech features, but particularly frication and place of articulation should help most patients.
(9) Suppression of neural responses to the stop did not depend on whether the neuron responded to either the preceding fricative or the following vowel.
(10) Nasopharyngoscopy was used as a visual feedback tool in a 10-year-old girl who had a repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate and was unable to establish velopharyngeal closure during production of sibilant-fricative sounds.
(11) The results suggest that listeners base their voicing judgments of intervocalic fricatives on an assessment of the time interval in the fricative during which there is no glottal vibration.
(12) That is to say, although hearing speakers commonly use a larger laryngeal gesture for fricatives than for stops and also show durational differences of the abduction and the adduction phases between phonetic categories, the hearing-impaired subjects did not make them.
(13) The selection of measurements was based on a theoretical analysis that indicated the acoustic and aerodynamic attributes at the boundaries between fricatives and vowels.
(14) In studying language change, Ohala and Lorentz (1977) observed that when the labial-velar glide [w] occurs adjacent to fricative noise, the resulting complex of acoustic features is most often perceived and pronounced as a labial, rather than a velar consonant.
(15) Immediately following word-learning experiments, subjects were asked to place 16 CVs into five phonemic categories (voiced & unvoiced stops, voiced & unvoiced fricatives, approximants).
(16) Among the auditory variables examined, the listeners' tone thresholds at 250 Hz showed the highest relation to perception of fricative voicing.
(17) Taken together with previous results, these experiments indicate that listeners take the whole fricative noise, as well as the transitions, into account in fricative identification.
(18) When enhanced, the vowels of the utterances were lengthened before voiced fricatives and shortened before voiceless fricatives.
(19) Analysis included computation of speech intensity contours, fundamental frequency contours, and spectral parameters from sustained productions of vowels and voiceless fricatives.
(20) The effects of different distance measures, filter orders, recognition schemes, and vowels and fricatives were comparatively assessed to determine their effectiveness for the task of gender recognition from speech segments.
Obstruent
Definition:
(a.) Causing obstruction; blocking up; hindering; as, an obstruent medicine.
(n.) Anything that obstructs or closes a passage; esp., that which obstructs natural passages in the body; as, a medicine which acts as an obstruent.
Example Sentences:
(1) Low age-weighted scores on production of velars, liquids, and postvocalic singleton obstruents, along with elevated thresholds at 500 Hz and a history of early onset and late remission from OME, were the most important variables characterizing children who did not catch up phonologically by age 3.
(2) As expected, glottal vibration extended over a longer time in the obstruent interval for voiced fricatives than for voiceless fricatives, and there were more extensive transitions of the first formant adjacent to voiced fricatives than for the voiceless cognates.
(3) High correlations were evident between accelerometric and EAI values when a stimulus sentence contained obstruents, semivowels, and vowels.
(4) Fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), using a 20-ms Hamming window, were calculated every 10 ms from the onset of the obstruent through the third cycle of the following vowel.
(5) Also, both long and short vowels are lengthened by some 25 msec when followed by medial voiced obstruents.
(6) The present study investigated whether this vowel length cue influenced listeners when hearing stimuli with ambiguous vowel duration in an identical, neutralized consonantal context in which the underlying representation of the obstruent following the vowel differed in voicing.
(7) Third, the RMS intensities for obstruent sounds, particularly stop consonants, is greater in clear speech than in conversational speech.
(8) The Authors describe a test performed on 20 hospitalized patients aged between 22 and 80, suffering from obstruent chronic broncho-pneumopathy.
(9) At initial testing the two groups were found to differ significantly in scores on postvocalic singleton obstruent omission, velar deviation, and stridency deletion.
(10) A production study was conducted to investigate the effect of vowel lengthening before voiced obstruents, and the possible influence that the openness versus closedness of syllables have on the temporal structure of vowels in some languages.
(11) Thirdly, a fortis obstruent in second position heightens lenis perception in the preceding stop by auditory contrast, not by its phonological status.
(12) A statistical procedure for classifying word-initial voiceless obstruents is described.
(13) Acoustic analyses of Jenny's utterances following decannulation revealed a tenth of the canonical syllables which might be expected in normally developing infants, an extremely small inventory of consonant-like segments, and a marked preference for labial obstruents.
(14) The findings suggested a mixed form of angina pectoris with both vasospasm and obstruent prearterioles.
(15) Ischaemic cardiac disease is usually diagnosed in patients with obstruent coronary arteries.
(16) Dutch has underlying contrasts both in obstruent voicing and in vowel length.
(17) The data set to which the analysis was applied consisted of monosyllabic words starting with a voiceless obstruent.
(18) Simple aspiration through the needle may occasionally open the catheter by removing small obstruents, but in many instances, insertion of an another ventricular needle through the large hole and combined irrigation are indispensable.
(19) It has been commonly observed in the speech of English-speaking adults and children that vowels are longer when they precede voiced versus voiceless final obstruents.
(20) The Chinese subjects who were native speakers of a language that permits obstruents in word-final position seemed to benefit more from the training than those whose native language (L1) has no word-final obstruents.