(a.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; -- said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc.
(n.) A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 197-206, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) Phoneme identification responses collected in the same experiments, as well as informal observations about the quality of the restored phoneme, suggested that restoration of a fricative phone distinct from the extraneous noise did not occur; rather, the spectrum of the extraneous noise itself influenced phoneme identification.
(2) In another experiment, interdependence of two phonetic judgments was found in responses based on the fricative noise and the vocalic formants of a fricative-vowel syllable.
(3) As expected, glottal vibration extended over a longer time in the obstruent interval for voiced fricatives than for voiceless fricatives, and there were more extensive transitions of the first formant adjacent to voiced fricatives than for the voiceless cognates.
(4) Hearing-impaired persons with reduced voicing perception for final fricatives were studied for improvement in perception via training or enhancement of the vowel duration cue.
(5) Another cue for the fricative-affricate distinction is the duration of the fricative noise in SHOP (CHOP).
(6) We report experimental results that confirm Kohler's perceptual assumption: In the context of a following word initial stop, fricatives were less confusable than nasals or unreleased stops.
(7) When errors were analyzed according to manner of production, affricatives and fricatives were significantly more susceptible to error than all others.
(8) Studies on vowel and consonant recognition suggest enhancing all speech features, but particularly frication and place of articulation should help most patients.
(9) Suppression of neural responses to the stop did not depend on whether the neuron responded to either the preceding fricative or the following vowel.
(10) Nasopharyngoscopy was used as a visual feedback tool in a 10-year-old girl who had a repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate and was unable to establish velopharyngeal closure during production of sibilant-fricative sounds.
(11) The results suggest that listeners base their voicing judgments of intervocalic fricatives on an assessment of the time interval in the fricative during which there is no glottal vibration.
(12) That is to say, although hearing speakers commonly use a larger laryngeal gesture for fricatives than for stops and also show durational differences of the abduction and the adduction phases between phonetic categories, the hearing-impaired subjects did not make them.
(13) The selection of measurements was based on a theoretical analysis that indicated the acoustic and aerodynamic attributes at the boundaries between fricatives and vowels.
(14) In studying language change, Ohala and Lorentz (1977) observed that when the labial-velar glide [w] occurs adjacent to fricative noise, the resulting complex of acoustic features is most often perceived and pronounced as a labial, rather than a velar consonant.
(15) Immediately following word-learning experiments, subjects were asked to place 16 CVs into five phonemic categories (voiced & unvoiced stops, voiced & unvoiced fricatives, approximants).
(16) Among the auditory variables examined, the listeners' tone thresholds at 250 Hz showed the highest relation to perception of fricative voicing.
(17) Taken together with previous results, these experiments indicate that listeners take the whole fricative noise, as well as the transitions, into account in fricative identification.
(18) When enhanced, the vowels of the utterances were lengthened before voiced fricatives and shortened before voiceless fricatives.
(19) Analysis included computation of speech intensity contours, fundamental frequency contours, and spectral parameters from sustained productions of vowels and voiceless fricatives.
(20) The effects of different distance measures, filter orders, recognition schemes, and vowels and fricatives were comparatively assessed to determine their effectiveness for the task of gender recognition from speech segments.
Plosive
Definition:
Example Sentences:
(1) The results indicate that the increased nasal resistance resulting from occlusion of one nostril does not appreciably affect pressure and airflow associated with plosive consonant production in patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy.
(2) The velar mechanism was perturbed by having subjects voluntarily lower the soft palate during a series of words involving plosive consonants.
(3) In addition, some qualitative differences in confusion patterns could be established: the perception of low-frequency information appears to be relatively important in compression limiting; the perception of plosiveness is less important.
(4) Our phonetic study of Bourouchaski shows that the homorganic plosives of this language cannot be distinguished by a specific difference in voice onset time (VOT).
(5) The subjects of tumour of the anterior part of the floor of the mouth had low overall scores, low scores for plosive and affricative sounds, and very low scores for sounds produced with the rear of the tongue.
(6) Sounds produced with the rear portion of the tongue were improved in 3 cases, and plosive and affricative sounds were remarkably improved in all cases.
(7) For normally hearing subjects shortening the silence duration of an intervocalic voiceless plosive induces a misperception of voicing.
(8) This study investigated the perception of voicing of an intervocalic plosive for a natural speech sample "aka" as a function of occlusive silence duration for normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects.
(9) Other verbal characteristics including plosiveness were also important.
(10) Articulatory dysfunction was characterized as plosives tend to be misunderstood as nasals or affricates.
(11) In a second experiment the influence of silent intervals on the identification of plosives was analysed increasing the artificial silent interval in 10 ms steps from 0 ms to 120 ms in speech stimuli like schal thus producing stahl for the 120 ms silent interval.
(12) Voiced consonants, plosives, fricatives, nasals, and liquid-glides were significantly more intelligible when produced by TE talkers.
(13) Descriptive autority analyses of continuous texts in German have shown that word-final alveolar plosives are frequently assimilated to following labials and velars.
(14) The stimuli were obtained from the two naturally produced originals by changing the ratios and the length of voicing in the plosive through computer processing.
(15) In the 75 dB SPL recording, the levels of voiceless fricatives, nasals and plosives were significantly lower than in the 60 dB SPL recording.
(16) Articulation proficiency was compared in four phoneme categories: nasals, plosives, fricatives and affricates.
(17) The signals were six broadband noises whose spectral shapes were modeled after the spectra of unvoiced fricative and plosive consonants.
(18) the plosives and the short consonants disappear first; next follow the other consonants, whereas vowels remain intelligible at a 100 msec.
(19) Medium and long pauses, long duration, prologned closure (i.e., long duration plosives), and adventitious transitional sounds had a lesser negative effect.
(20) The results show that the identification of deleted initial voiceless plosives is greatly improved by the addition of noise.