(a.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; -- said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc.
(n.) A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 197-206, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) Phoneme identification responses collected in the same experiments, as well as informal observations about the quality of the restored phoneme, suggested that restoration of a fricative phone distinct from the extraneous noise did not occur; rather, the spectrum of the extraneous noise itself influenced phoneme identification.
(2) In another experiment, interdependence of two phonetic judgments was found in responses based on the fricative noise and the vocalic formants of a fricative-vowel syllable.
(3) As expected, glottal vibration extended over a longer time in the obstruent interval for voiced fricatives than for voiceless fricatives, and there were more extensive transitions of the first formant adjacent to voiced fricatives than for the voiceless cognates.
(4) Hearing-impaired persons with reduced voicing perception for final fricatives were studied for improvement in perception via training or enhancement of the vowel duration cue.
(5) Another cue for the fricative-affricate distinction is the duration of the fricative noise in SHOP (CHOP).
(6) We report experimental results that confirm Kohler's perceptual assumption: In the context of a following word initial stop, fricatives were less confusable than nasals or unreleased stops.
(7) When errors were analyzed according to manner of production, affricatives and fricatives were significantly more susceptible to error than all others.
(8) Studies on vowel and consonant recognition suggest enhancing all speech features, but particularly frication and place of articulation should help most patients.
(9) Suppression of neural responses to the stop did not depend on whether the neuron responded to either the preceding fricative or the following vowel.
(10) Nasopharyngoscopy was used as a visual feedback tool in a 10-year-old girl who had a repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate and was unable to establish velopharyngeal closure during production of sibilant-fricative sounds.
(11) The results suggest that listeners base their voicing judgments of intervocalic fricatives on an assessment of the time interval in the fricative during which there is no glottal vibration.
(12) That is to say, although hearing speakers commonly use a larger laryngeal gesture for fricatives than for stops and also show durational differences of the abduction and the adduction phases between phonetic categories, the hearing-impaired subjects did not make them.
(13) The selection of measurements was based on a theoretical analysis that indicated the acoustic and aerodynamic attributes at the boundaries between fricatives and vowels.
(14) In studying language change, Ohala and Lorentz (1977) observed that when the labial-velar glide [w] occurs adjacent to fricative noise, the resulting complex of acoustic features is most often perceived and pronounced as a labial, rather than a velar consonant.
(15) Immediately following word-learning experiments, subjects were asked to place 16 CVs into five phonemic categories (voiced & unvoiced stops, voiced & unvoiced fricatives, approximants).
(16) Among the auditory variables examined, the listeners' tone thresholds at 250 Hz showed the highest relation to perception of fricative voicing.
(17) Taken together with previous results, these experiments indicate that listeners take the whole fricative noise, as well as the transitions, into account in fricative identification.
(18) When enhanced, the vowels of the utterances were lengthened before voiced fricatives and shortened before voiceless fricatives.
(19) Analysis included computation of speech intensity contours, fundamental frequency contours, and spectral parameters from sustained productions of vowels and voiceless fricatives.
(20) The effects of different distance measures, filter orders, recognition schemes, and vowels and fricatives were comparatively assessed to determine their effectiveness for the task of gender recognition from speech segments.
Strident
Definition:
(a.) Characterized by harshness; grating; shrill.
Example Sentences:
(1) The government, too, is keen to strike a conciliatory note, at least compared with the strident tones of the Iron Lady's day.
(2) "For a lot of people in poorer neighbourhoods we are liberators," crowed Yiannis Lagos, one of 18 MPs from the stridently patriot "popular nationalist movement" to enter the 300-seat house in June.
(3) We must also parallel our strident disapproval of misconduct with an objective exploration of the dynamics of both parties and the human commonality of sexual feelings.
(4) In private, the UK’s position has been less strident, according to Girling, and sources say that the UK supported some package objectives, despite reservations about their binding elements.
(5) In recent years O'Brien has been known for taking a more strident tone.
(6) Michael Meacher MP Labour, Oldham West and Royton • How dare Norman Warner and Jack O'Sullivan denigrate the NHS in such strident terms?
(7) George Osborne loosed his most strident rhetoric yet against environmental regulation in his autumn statement , slamming green policies as a "burden" and a "ridiculous cost" to British businesses, in a fillip to the right wing of his party.
(8) "The popular verdict clearly renders the bailout deal null," said the politician, whose stridently anti-austerity coalition of the radical left, known as Syriza, sprung the surprise of the weekend's poll, coming in second with 16.8% of the vote.
(9) Without such efforts, it appears that patient care quality will be the most likely aspect of health care to suffer in the future--a result against which all health care professionals should stridently guard.
(10) But its strident emotionalism and improv-style acting evidently hit the spot with a significant portion of the jury.
(11) The strident tone was illustrated by a startling public rebuff to Barack Obama.
(12) Following disturbing reports from human rights organisations such as Amnesty and Human Rights Watch, as well as the strident campaigning of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), Fifa’s secretary general, Jérôme Valcke, promised to hold Qatar to account.
(13) "I seem to be perceived as aggressive and strident and I don't actually think I am strident and aggressive.
(14) McKinney had allowed himself to be photographed beside strident anti-abortion campaigners – and paid for it.
(15) I think a lot of people might think his work is stridently dissonant or painful on the ears.
(16) The concessions didn't go far enough to satisfy one of the most strident opponents, Open Book Alliance, a group that includes Google's rivals Microsoft, Yahoo and Amazon.
(17) She is keen to use her tenure to promote the importance of GPs and offer ideas to help keep the NHS working well in difficult times, but in a less strident, more diplomatic, way than her predecessor.
(18) But Trump isn’t just pushing the field to talk about immigration in more strident terms.
(19) Malloch, a businessman who stridently supported Brexit ahead of the vote in June, is said to have been interviewed for the post by Trump.
(20) Leaders were more stridently at odds than ever before in the 30-month euro crisis.