(a.) Produced by the friction or rustling of the breath, intonated or unintonated, through a narrow opening between two of the mouth organs; uttered through a close approach, but not with a complete closure, of the organs of articulation, and hence capable of being continued or prolonged; -- said of certain consonantal sounds, as f, v, s, z, etc.
(n.) A fricative consonant letter or sound. See Guide to Pronunciation, // 197-206, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) Phoneme identification responses collected in the same experiments, as well as informal observations about the quality of the restored phoneme, suggested that restoration of a fricative phone distinct from the extraneous noise did not occur; rather, the spectrum of the extraneous noise itself influenced phoneme identification.
(2) In another experiment, interdependence of two phonetic judgments was found in responses based on the fricative noise and the vocalic formants of a fricative-vowel syllable.
(3) As expected, glottal vibration extended over a longer time in the obstruent interval for voiced fricatives than for voiceless fricatives, and there were more extensive transitions of the first formant adjacent to voiced fricatives than for the voiceless cognates.
(4) Hearing-impaired persons with reduced voicing perception for final fricatives were studied for improvement in perception via training or enhancement of the vowel duration cue.
(5) Another cue for the fricative-affricate distinction is the duration of the fricative noise in SHOP (CHOP).
(6) We report experimental results that confirm Kohler's perceptual assumption: In the context of a following word initial stop, fricatives were less confusable than nasals or unreleased stops.
(7) When errors were analyzed according to manner of production, affricatives and fricatives were significantly more susceptible to error than all others.
(8) Studies on vowel and consonant recognition suggest enhancing all speech features, but particularly frication and place of articulation should help most patients.
(9) Suppression of neural responses to the stop did not depend on whether the neuron responded to either the preceding fricative or the following vowel.
(10) Nasopharyngoscopy was used as a visual feedback tool in a 10-year-old girl who had a repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate and was unable to establish velopharyngeal closure during production of sibilant-fricative sounds.
(11) The results suggest that listeners base their voicing judgments of intervocalic fricatives on an assessment of the time interval in the fricative during which there is no glottal vibration.
(12) That is to say, although hearing speakers commonly use a larger laryngeal gesture for fricatives than for stops and also show durational differences of the abduction and the adduction phases between phonetic categories, the hearing-impaired subjects did not make them.
(13) The selection of measurements was based on a theoretical analysis that indicated the acoustic and aerodynamic attributes at the boundaries between fricatives and vowels.
(14) In studying language change, Ohala and Lorentz (1977) observed that when the labial-velar glide [w] occurs adjacent to fricative noise, the resulting complex of acoustic features is most often perceived and pronounced as a labial, rather than a velar consonant.
(15) Immediately following word-learning experiments, subjects were asked to place 16 CVs into five phonemic categories (voiced & unvoiced stops, voiced & unvoiced fricatives, approximants).
(16) Among the auditory variables examined, the listeners' tone thresholds at 250 Hz showed the highest relation to perception of fricative voicing.
(17) Taken together with previous results, these experiments indicate that listeners take the whole fricative noise, as well as the transitions, into account in fricative identification.
(18) When enhanced, the vowels of the utterances were lengthened before voiced fricatives and shortened before voiceless fricatives.
(19) Analysis included computation of speech intensity contours, fundamental frequency contours, and spectral parameters from sustained productions of vowels and voiceless fricatives.
(20) The effects of different distance measures, filter orders, recognition schemes, and vowels and fricatives were comparatively assessed to determine their effectiveness for the task of gender recognition from speech segments.
Thorn
Definition:
(n.) A hard and sharp-pointed projection from a woody stem; usually, a branch so transformed; a spine.
(n.) Any shrub or small tree which bears thorns; especially, any species of the genus Crataegus, as the hawthorn, whitethorn, cockspur thorn.
(n.) Fig.: That which pricks or annoys as a thorn; anything troublesome; trouble; care.
(n.) The name of the Anglo-Saxon letter /, capital form /. It was used to represent both of the sounds of English th, as in thin, then. So called because it was the initial letter of thorn, a spine.
(v. t.) To prick, as with a thorn.
Example Sentences:
(1) But the outspoken journalist and human rights activist has long been a thorn in Ali Abdullah Saleh's side, agitating for press freedoms and staging weekly sit-ins to demand the release of political prisoners from jail – a place she has been several times herself.
(2) Daballen navigates the jeep between thorn bushes and over furrows, guided by a rising moon and his intimate knowledge of the terrain.
(3) Adoption and fostering: ‘The best thing you have ever done’ Read more The process of adopting disabled children was much harder when she first did it in the 1980s, Thorn says, adding that people tended to be bemused as to why any parent would volunteer for the additional work involved in bringing up children with varying needs.
(4) Puncture wounds were cuased in 9 patients by sea urchin spines and 1 patient by a date palm thorn.
(5) Supporters said they were not surprised she had been let go as she had become “a thorn in the flesh” of the DfE after speaking out against government policies.
(6) The call by Denmark’s prime minister, Helle Thorning-Schmidt, for the country to stand together echoes the Norwegian response after the massacre at Utøya .
(7) Sperm motion was analysed using the Hamilton-Thorn system before and after incubation and treatment.
(8) Three cases are reported in which pseudotumours developed in the hand following injury by oil palm thorns.
(9) Since becoming Denmark's first female prime minister two years ago, Thorning-Schmidt has had to contend with the media nickname of "Gucci Helle", so called because of her fondness for designer clothes.
(10) Wyden and Udall have been thorns in the side of the intelligence community, using their position on the committee, which permits them privileged access to classified briefings, to repeatedly challenge senior officials on the accuracy of their public testimony.
(11) He said police reports in Sweden showed SW had told a friend, Marie Thorn, that she felt police and others around her "railroaded her" into pressing charges.
(12) Although reviewers' letters may be considered an unnecessary thorn in the side, the improved practice that has resulted from these efforts gives strong support to their continued activities.
(13) In layers V and VI they mainly contact with the dendrite trunks and with the nervous cell bodies and more rarely with thorns.
(14) They gradually displayed active membrane pseudopodia, thorn-like processes and petal-like ruffles after 2 h to 4 h of cultivation.
(15) Other names circulating in EU capitals for the top commission job include the Irish prime minister, Enda Kenny, the outgoing Finnish prime minister on the centre-right, Jyrki Katainen, and the Danish prime minister on the centre-left, Helle Thorning-Schmidt.
(16) Across this relatively peaceful corner of the Horn of Africa, where black-headed sheep scamper among the thorn bushes, dainty gerenuk balance on their hind legs to nibble from hardy shrubs, and skinny camels wearing rough-hewn bells lumber over rocky slopes, people long accustomed to a harsh environment find they cannot cope after years of below-average rainfall.
(17) Synovectomy and removal of the plant thorn usually results in normal joint function.
(18) But, as Aimee Thorne-Thomsen, the vice president for strategic partnerships at Advocates for Youth, wrote in 2010 , rather than focus on if abortion is rare enough to make enough people comfortable, "What if we stopped focusing on the number of abortions and instead focused on the women themselves?"
(19) One teacher, who was hiding in a closet in the math lab, heard Thorne yell, "Put the gun down!"
(20) Based on a correlative radiographic and histologic slab study of the wrists in 50 infants who died of unrelated diseases, the author's chief conclusions are as follow: 1) On the wrist radiograph of the infant, bone bark in the Ranvier's groove may appear as a "thorn-like" bony process on the margins of the metaphysis of the radius and ulna.