(1) Although most studies emphasise the similarity of the australopithecines to modern man, and suggest, therefore, that these creatures were bipedal tool-makers at least one form of which (Australopithecus africanus--"Homo habilis", "Homo africanus") was almost directly ancestral to man, a series of multivariate statistical studies of various postcranial fragments suggests other conclusions.
(2) Advances in techniques for absolute dating and reassessments of the fossils themselves have rendered untenable a simple unilineal model of human evolution, in which Homo habilis succeeded the australopithecines and then evolved via H. erectus into H. sapiens-but no clear alternative consensus has yet emerged.
(3) The fossil evidence suggests that Homo habilis and Paranthropus may have attained a similar grade of bipedality at roughly 1.8 m.y.
(4) The one early hominid to show a significant departure from this adaptive pattern toward later hominids-cranially, dentally, and postcranially-is H. habilis from East Africa.
(5) Species of the Australopithecus genus were twin species for Homo habilis and H. erectus.
(6) Results indicate that there is no empirical basis for using a CV of 10 as a standard to detect multiple species in H. habilis.
(7) Supporters of this view used a CV of 10 as a standard to determine that 1) the H. habilis CV of 12.7 indicates multiple species and 2) there is a low probability of H. habilis specimens KNM-ER 1470 and KNM-ER 1813 being members of the same taxon.
(8) Using hindlimb joint size of specimens of relatively certain taxonomy and assuming these measures were more like those of modern humans than of apes, the male and female averages are as follows: Australopithecus afarensis, 45 and 29 kg; A. africanus, 41 and 30 kg; A. robustus, 40 and 32 kg; A. boisei, 49 and 34 kg; H. habilis, 52 and 32 kg.
(9) Endocranial volume (ECV) variability as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) has been important in supporting the view that more than one species is represented in Homo habilis.
(10) Additionally, the broad 95% statistical confidence limits (5.1-20.3) indicate that the CV estimate of 12.7 for H. habilis is not sufficiently reliable to allow biologically meaningful interpretation.
(11) Significant differences in the coefficient of variation exist between all possible pairs of taxa with the exception of Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
(12) The evidence from ECV variability does not support the argument for multiple species in H. habilis.
(13) Language with this property therefore presumably evolved with the Homo line somewhere between H. habilis and H. sapiens sapiens.
(14) This specimen's craniodental anatomy indicates attribution to Homo habilis, but its postcranial anatomy, including small body size and relatively long arms, is strikingly similar to that of some early Australopithecus individuals.
(15) However, if the CV for H. habilis is actually 12.7, it still falls within the range of variation for single species of modern hominoids.
(16) Both phenomena may go back at least to Homo habilis, 2-3 million years ago.
(17) Non-dental criteria were used to allocate the specimens into four major taxonomic categories (EAFROB, EAFHOM, SAFROB and SAFGRA), approximating to the hypodigms of, respectively, A. boisei, H. habilis and Homo sp., A. robustus and A. africanus.
(18) The new find supports the view that the Sterkfontein toolmaker was not the earlier A. africanus, but a later hominid related to Homo habilis.
(19) The discovery suggests meat was on the menu far back in our evolutionary history, and long before the arrival of the first human species, Homo habilis , 2.3m years ago.
(20) Guests included General Haidar Saleh Habili and the Sultan of Shabwan.
Trappings
Definition:
(n. pl.) That which serves to trap or adorn; ornaments; dress; superficial decorations.
(n. pl.) Specifically, ornaments to be put on horses.
Example Sentences:
(1) Magnetic polyethyleneimine (PEI) microcapsules have been developed for trapping electrophilic intermediates in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
(2) tert-Butyl hydroaminoxyl is detected as a degradation product of the hydroxyl adduct from all spin traps.
(3) This suggests that the fusion protein traps the SII in nonstimulatory interactions and that antibody 2-7B inhibits SII binding to RNA polymerase II.
(4) The mosquitoes coming to bite in bedrooms were monitored with light traps set beside untreated bednets.
(5) They alter most immune functions and create a state of immunity deficiency; they damage the tubules which may lead to interstitial fibrosis and increased postglomerular capillary resistance furthering the trapping of macromolecules in the glomeruli; and they probably increase tissue permeability to macromolecules.
(6) Direct surgical exposure of the cervical or cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) was necessary in the remaining 3 patients, who had undergone unsuccessful surgical trapping.
(7) One of the reasons for doing this study is to give a voice to women trapped in this epidemic,” said Dr Catherine Aiken, academic clinical lecturer in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology of the University of Cambridge, “and to bring to light that with all the virology, the vaccination and containment strategy and all the great things that people are doing, there is no voice for those women on the ground.” In a supplement to the study, the researchers have published some of the emails to Women on Web which reveal their fears.
(8) The estimated forward (k) and backward (1) rate constants are: 2.45 x I05 M-1 s- and 0.23 x 103 s-1, respectively, for k and I for the case when the drug is trapped by both activation and inactivation gates, and 3.58 x 105 M-l s-l and 4.15 x 10-3 S-l for the case when the drug is not trapped.
(9) These results suggest that [99mTc]LDL acts as a trapped ligand in vivo and should therefore, be a good tracer for noninvasive quantitative biodistribution studies of LDL.
(10) Godiya Usman, an 18-year-old finalist who jumped off the back of the truck, said she feels trapped by survivor's guilt.
(11) Relative to the rate of formation of the 3-oxo intermediate trapped with N-acetylcysteine, epoxidation of octene and subsequent hydrolysis to octane-1,2-diol was over 40 times more rapid.
(12) Charcoal was added to the homogenization buffer in these experiments to prevent the artifactual activation of PKA by cAMP analogs trapped in the extracellular space.
(13) Best fit of the thyroid data was achieved with a model in which the trap is described by two compartments, a fast ("follicular cell") compartment and a slower ("colloid") compartment.
(14) The aggregation product is of high molecular weight and composed of monomers which are trapped in a minium of conformational energy different from the one characterizing the native enzyme.
(15) A continuous fluorometric assay that utilizes apoflavodoxin as a trapping agent for riboflavin 5'-phosphate (FMN) has been developed for flavokinase (ATP:riboflavin 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.26).
(16) Solid-phase adsorbents were compared in their trapping efficiencies for dichloromethane (DCM), ethylene dibromide (EDB), 4-nitroblphenyl (4-NB), 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), and fluoranthene (FI).
(17) Gas trapping and corneal edema were not observed in uncovered corneas or corneas covered with membrane lenses.
(18) The cells were trapped on glass fiber filters and incorporated radioactivity was measured.
(19) Based on these results we propose that the linearization of the DNA elution dose-response curve observed after chromatin decondensation reflects a reduction in the degree of chromatin compactness in the nuclear complexes that leads to a relatively uniform distribution of the DNA on the filter and reduces trapping of elutable material in the compact nuclear structures otherwise present.
(20) At this time the circulating MN population probably contained labeled long-lived lymphocytes that did not enter inflammatory sites (the traps) as readily as the short-lived lymphocytes.