(n.) The posterior of the three principal divisions of the brain, including the epencephalon and metencephalon. Sometimes restricted to the epencephalon only.
Example Sentences:
(1) These observations and a relatively high incidence of hindbrain tumours are suggestive of an embryonic origin for most of the cases.
(2) Among the 18 hindbrain areas, LCGU was decreased by pentobarbital by 15-55% (range 50-157 and 28-110 mumol.100 g-1.min-1 in control and treated rats, respectively).
(3) Under conditions of chronic or repeated seizure activity over prolonged time periods, seizures evoked from the hindbrain can recruit forebrain circuits; conversely, repeated stimulation of forebrain limbic circuits (e.g., kindling) can modify susceptibility to brainstem convulsions.
(4) These differences in effects on specific neurotransmitter systems reflect the fact that the forebrain is most severely affected by early ethanol administration, whereas the hindbrain is relatively spared.
(5) Microscopic immunohistochemical localization of CRABP found the highest concentration in the ventral midbrain and in the ventral and lateral sides of the hindbrain and spinal cord; CRABP was also abundant in tongue, limb, and skin.
(6) The question raised was whether cells from the graft would be able to yield the neural crest derivatives normally arising from the hindbrain and vagal crest, such as carotid body type I and II cells, enteric ganglia, Schwann cells located along the local nerves, and the nonneuronal contingent of cells in the host nodose ganglion.
(7) Potency profiles of these and other analogues suggest that the renal medulla and dorsal hindbrain vasopressin receptors represent different subtypes.
(8) During this period, the intensity of transcription in presomitic and somitic mesoderm declines relative to that in the overlying neural ectoderm, and the transcription boundary within the presumptive hindbrain region sharpens.
(9) In detailed examination of alpha Enhb-1 and 4D9 localization, we find previously undetected patterns of En protein localization in the prechordal plate, hindbrain, myotome, ventral body-wall mesoderm, and extraembryonic membranes.
(10) The results were as follows: (1) III-V interpeak latency (IPL) decreased progressively from prolonged to the normal range with growth until 25 years of age; (2) I-III IPL tended to prolong gradually from the normal range; (3) these findings may indicate that the natural history of Chiari II malformation is delayed maturation of the brain stem and intensification in the elongation and stretching of the hindbrain and lower cranial nerves.
(11) Both genes are expressed in the developing midbrain and its junction with the hindbrain.
(12) Both mutants also have altered polyamine synthesis and accumulation, particularly in the hindbrain and spinal column.
(13) With due consideration for the clinical findings and those recorded by Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography, vertebral angiography is indicated in vertebrobasilar occlusive disease if anticoagulation, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or local intraarterial fibrinolytic therapy (LIF) of the hindbrain circulation is intended, and also if there is a discrepancy between the clinical findings and the results of computed tomography or Doppler ultrasound examination.
(14) The results indicate that the mesencephalon is the principal site for the precursor cells of the ciliary ganglia and clearly rules out any contribution to the ganglia from either the forebrain or hindbrain levels.
(15) In specimens of shovelnose, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, and Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, and paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, evoked potentials recorded from the hindbrain and elicited by electric fields reached maximum amplitude within the DON and decreased in amplitude through the cerebellar crest.
(16) We show that neurons whose axons reach the hindbrain first survive for a short time in culture before responding to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
(17) Retinoic acid (RA) and its congeners accumulate in a saturable manner in neural crest and neural crest-derived cells, in the hindbrain, and the spinal cord of mouse embryos.
(18) In general the telencephalon made greatest use of ketone bodies, whereas the hindbrain used least.
(19) However, there was a significant linear relationship between carbon dioxide tension and the percent of the microvasculature perfused in the hindbrain.
(20) Na+, K+-ATPase activity was significantly reduced in the forebrain region at the stage of mild encephalopathy (43 h after injection), while at the deeper stage of coma (43-53 h after injection) enzyme activity was further reduced in the forebrain region and was also significantly reduced in the hindbrain region.
Pons
Definition:
(n.) A bridge; -- applied to several parts which connect others, but especially to the pons Varolii, a prominent band of nervous tissue situated on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata and connected at each side with the hemispheres of the cerebellum; the mesocephalon. See Brain.
Example Sentences:
(1) The pons, on the other hand, has a bioelectrical activity of its own during PS, i.e., the ponto-geniculo-occipital spikes (PGO).
(2) These included the noradrenergic, TH- and DBH-immunoreactive cell groups of the pons and medulla.
(3) + inf., pons + medulla), rCBF increased toward the control level gradually, and it completely recovered 60 min after recirculation.
(4) Injection of the tracer substance wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) directly into the basilar pontine nuclei using a ventral surgical approach resulted in the labeling of somata in many areas both rostral and caudal to the basilar pons.
(5) Urea decreased and valine increased in the TD medulla-pons.
(6) Recently, direct pathways from the dorsolateral pons to the ON, probably involved in supraspinal micturition control, have been reported (Holstege et al., 1986).
(7) In the pons, PRV labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the locus ceruleus, subceruleus region, and parabrachial complex.
(8) P3.1 and P3.8 were identified only as farfield potentials in intracranial recordings from the pons and more rostral regions.
(9) Computed tomography showed a lesion in the pons, and seven months later he was found to have metastatic adenocarcinoma.
(10) Weaker linkage between the CF locus and the locus for the serum enzyme activity marker paraoxonase (PON) was detected, theta = 0.18, zeta = 0.76.
(11) In the medulla and pons the ir appeared as from E12.
(12) Pons-Tortella et al reported the sparing of this nucleus in acute anterior poliomyelitis.
(13) Effects of noxious electrical tooth stimulations and intraarterial administration of bradykinin or inhalation of volatile anesthetics on substance P content in the diencephalon-mesencephalon, pons-medulla and the spinal cord were examined in the rat.
(14) Synchronization of phasic bursts was consistently observed between simultaneously recorded structures and this, along with the time course of early increments in SW was consistent with the notion that mesencephalic reticular activity is controlled by leading influences from the pons.
(15) Specifically, a decrease in the central conduction times was noted for the I-III interpeak interval, suggesting neurophysiologic dysfunction in the area of the pons and cerebellum.
(16) Among them, two patients had deformities of the pons.
(17) This study examines the effects of styrene oxide, a reactive metabolite of the neurotoxic solvent styrene, on GSH metabolism in six regions of the rat brain (cortex, cerebellum, medulla-pons, hippocampus, striatum and hypothalamus).
(18) The course of the fiber pathways to pons from parasensory association areas in the rhesus monkey was investigated by injection of tritiated amino acids and the technique of autoradiography.
(19) 1 The ability of chlorpromazine to antagonize the effects of iontophoretic application of (+)-amphetamine to single neurones in the medulla and lower pons of anaesthetized rats has been studied.
(20) Noradrenaline concentration was elevated in the brain stem, particularly in the pons, and decreased in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord while in the cerebellum, the effects were dependent on the mode of administration.