What's the difference between hyoscyamine and tropine?
Hyoscyamine
Definition:
(n.) An alkaloid found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and regarded as its active principle. It is also found with other alkaloids in the thorn apple and deadly nightshade. It is extracted as a white crystalline substance, with a sharp, offensive taste. Hyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine, is very poisonous, and is used as a medicine for neuralgia, like belladonna. Called also hyoscyamia, duboisine, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) They received either glycopyrronium, or 1-hyoscyamine in a sustained-release form, or inert tablets for one year.
(2) The long-lasting decrease and increase in sinus rate were abolished by 1-hyoscyamine and propranolol respectively, and both were reduced by tetrodotoxin.
(3) Two colorimetric micromethods are described for the determination of atropine-hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine), using p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and citric acid-acetic anhydride as the color reagents.
(4) Its use in separating optical isomers of dl-scopolamine, dl-hyoscyamine, dl-homatropine, and dl-cocaine is discussed.
(5) Phenthonium (10-50 microM), a quaternary derivative of 1-hyoscyamine, increases the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (2-5 fold) and blocks the nicotinic receptor-ionic channel in skeletal muscles.
(6) A new method for separation and determination of four important tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine, scopolamine, anisodamine and anisodine) in crude drugs by micellar HPLC was developed.
(7) Columns (10 cm) filled with silical gel (particle size, 5 mum; pore size, 1000 A) show the best performance in the separation of hyoscyamine, scopolamine and ergotamine as picrate ion-pairs.
(8) Except for the more frequent reporting of dry mouth with L-hyoscyamine, side effects were not different among the groups.
(9) Diastereomeric urethane derivatives of atropine (d,l-hyoscyamine) and l-hyoscyamine were prepared by reacting the alkaloids with (-)-1-phenylethylisocyanate.
(10) In a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study, the pharmacokinetics and some clinically important pharmacodynamic effects of intramuscular atropine (dl-hyoscyamine) were studied in 6 healthy male volunteers.
(11) This study compared the effects of glucagon (N = 48), L-hyoscyamine (N = 43), and placebo (N = 45) on gastric and duodenal distension, mucosal coating, and patient tolerance.
(12) L-Hyoscyamine provided gastric and duodenal images equal in quality to glucagon.
(13) The plasma concentrations of l-hyoscyamine were analyzed by radioreceptor assay (RRA) and the plasma concentrations of dl-hyoscyamine by radioimmunoassay (RIA).
(14) A simplified method for the quantitative analysis of hyoscyamine hydrobromide or atropine in Belladonna Tincture USP is described.
(15) This might at least partly explain the advantage of combining 1-hyoscyamine and an oxime with diazepam in intoxications with anticholinesterases.
(16) Tropine (tropan-3 alpha-ol) is an intermediate in the formation of hyoscyamine.
(17) The concentrations of d-hyoscyamine calculated from the dl- and l-hyoscyamine concentrations reached maximum between 1 and 2 h after drug injection.
(18) The renal excretion of l-hyoscyamine occurred mostly in 6 h (34% of the dose) and no conjugated drug forms were detected.
(19) By injecting the optical antipodes of atropine, D- and L-hyoscyamine separately in mice and following their kinetics in different parts of the brain it was possible to separate the specific receptor binding of the active antipode L-hyoscyamine from that of the inactive antipode D-hyoscyamine, representing unspecific binding.
(20) The assay is more selective for scopolamine (percent cross-reactions for hyoscyamine = 0.21%, 6-hydroxy-hyoscyamine = 0.17%) than previously reported immunoassays.
Tropine
Definition:
(n.) A white crystalline alkaloid, C8H15NO, produced by decomposing atropine.
Example Sentences:
(1) Our findings indicate that endothelial receptors are characterised by a high affinity for scopolamine, which possesses a scopine base, and that muscle binding sites have a high affinity for antagonists possessing a tropine base (atropine, homatropine).
(2) Simple benzoyl derivatives of tropine and 3 alpha-aminotropane possessed weak 5HT3 receptor antagonist activity, as judged by blockade of bradycardia produced by iv injection of serotonin (5HT) to anesthetized rats.
(3) Noratropine (24%), atropine-N-oxide (equatorial isomer) (15%), tropine (2%) and tropic acid (3%) appear to be the major metabolites, while 50% of the administered dose is excreted as apparently unchanged atropine.
(4) Endocrine active substances of interest to the gynecologist produced under these circumstances include gonadotropin, lactogens, thyrotropins, and adrenocortico-tropin, as well as calcium-mobilizing and erythropoietic substances.
(5) Localization studies of the hypothalamohypophysial and tuberoinfundibular neurosecretory systems were performed in the adult male mallard duck with an immunoperoxidase techinque for the demonstration of neurophysin (NP) and gonado-tropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) and with aldehyde fuchsin for the staining of neuosecretory material (NSM).
(6) A 2.0-mL blood specimen containing deuterated N-methyl-atropine as the internal standard was alkaline-hydrolyzed to convert atropine to tropine.
(7) The influence of ecgonine, tropine, tropinon, and some of their derivatives, propan, N-methylpyrrholidine, N-methylpiperidine on impulse summation in the central nervous system, conditioned reflex of avoidance, antagonism to hexenal, synergisim to cocaine and also their toxicity (LD50) have been studied under experimental conditions.
(8) The fasting plasma concentration of the pituitary peptide beta-cell tropin [beta-CT, adrenocorticotropic hormone-(22-39)] was measured in 17 rhesus monkeys from a colony known to develop spontaneous obesity.
(9) beta-Cell tropin, the pituitary peptide ACTH22-39, is a potent insulin secretagogue and stimulates lipogenesis in adipose tissue in rodents.
(10) The tropine was extracted by organic solvent which was evaporated to dryness.
(11) Tropine p-chlorophenyl acetate (TPClphiA), which differs from TPTA only by the substitution of a p-Cl for a p-CH(3) group on the benzene ring, had a negligible effect on axonal excitability.
(12) Structural factors which interfere with the conformational changes occurring in the receptor protein induced by an activator are characterized through differences obtained by the comparative investigation of the activities of the agonist acetate and the antagonist benzilate amino esters of quinuclidine, tropine, and pseudotropine.
(13) It was shown that the hypotensive and bradycardiac properties of Gardenia extract were entirely abolished in a tropinized and vagotomized rats, but only partially attenuated in carotid sinus denervated rats, and that low cervical spinal transection in rats did not inhibit the hypotensive responses.
(14) Tropine (tropan-3 alpha-ol) is an intermediate in the formation of hyoscyamine.
(15) The diabetic subjects had raised fasting plasma beta-cell tropin compared with the normal subjects (geometric mean (1 SD range): 0.49 (0.25-0.96) nM and 0.17 (0.10-0.28) nM, respectively, P = 0.007).
(16) Lactating and non-lactating rat brown adipocytes were used to study the dose-dependent stimulation of lipogenesis by Beta-cell tropin (BCT) and insulin.
(17) beta-Cell tropin concentrations in the diabetic subjects rose to 1.31 (0.74-2.30) nM (P = 0.007), whereas beta-cell tropin did not change in the normal subjects at 0.19 (0.11-0.91) nM.
(18) In two subjects, a biphasic response of both tropins was present.
(19) The pharmacokinetics of atropine and its primary metabolite, tropine, were determined simultaneously.
(20) A specific tropine alkaloid assay may provide supporting evidence.