What's the difference between imide and phthalimide?
Imide
Definition:
(n.) A compound with, or derivative of, the imido group; specif., a compound of one or more acid radicals with the imido group, or with a monamine; hence, also, a derivative of ammonia, in which two atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by divalent basic or acid radicals; -- frequently used as a combining form; as, succinimide.
Example Sentences:
(1) An analysis of the copper absorption observed with the oxidized enzyme and a comparison with that for Cu(II)(imid)4 suggests that the copper is not simply ligated to four imidazoles.
(2) Comparative studies on the biodegradability of amides and imides are presented.
(3) Deamidation of Asn residues can occur either by direct hydrolysis of the Asn residue or via a cyclic imide intermediate.
(4) This inhibition was not observed when 5'-adenosine(beta, gamma-imide) triphosphate blocks inhibition by ATP.
(5) In contrast, the equilibrium and kinetic properties of proline imide bond isomerization, believed to be involved in the slow folding reactions, are largely independent of pH.
(6) All the other drugs enhanced aggressive behaviour to varying degrees but proved to be less potent than IMID in inducing mounting, and clonidine reduced mounting at all the doses tested.
(7) Carbodi-imide inhibited the cellulase, and kinetic analysis indicated that there was an average of 1 mol of carbodi-imide binding to the cellulase during inactivation.
(8) This study also highlights the importance of internal cross-link formation, which can occur by intramolecular nucleophilic attack, a process that has often been overlooked by investigators employing carbodi-imide modification of carboxylate groups in proteins.
(9) A chemiluminescent aryl acridinium ester was synthesized which possesses an imidate ester group capable of reacting with proteins under mild conditions.
(10) The haem group was identified as a site of reaction with the carbodi-imide, and is as a consequence covalently linked to the peptide by a bond in addition to the thioether bonds normally present.
(11) Naphthylhydrazides and arylhydrazides, used as the labels, were incorporated via their imidate or their succinimide esters.
(12) Analysis of the mass spectra of many of these showed that three side reactions can occur: (1) methylation of the imide carbonyl group; (2) addition of methanol or water to the vinyl substituent; (3) transmethylation of the ethoxycarbonyl group.
(13) A water-soluble carbodi-imide [1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodi-imide methotoluene-p-sulphonate], referred to as carbodi-imide reagent, and glycine methyl ester were used to modify the free carboxyl groups of the membrane.
(14) Inhibitors of lysosomal acidification (4,4'-di-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonate, NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, NH4Cl and methylamine hydrochloride) did not alter cystine egress or countertransport in polymorphonuclear-leucocyte lysosome-rich granular fractions at pH 7.0.
(15) It is concluded that dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by reacting covalently with a group on this chloroform-methanol-soluble protein.
(16) The structure of the pigment has been studied by chromate degradation followed by identification of the imide products by thin-layer chromatography.
(17) Both INDO and IMID improved effective hepatic blood flow in the septic animals to virtually sham, nonseptic levels without significantly altering systemic hemodynamics.
(18) Their solution stability was shown to be compromised compared to 3-methylglutarimide (3-MG) and other imides.
(19) the cross-linked complexes can be split at the band originating from the imidate group by treatment with ammonia.
(20) An amide bond was first formed between the free carboxy group of the retinoid and a primary amino group of aminohexyl-Sepharose 4B, by reaction with carbodi-imide, and the ester group of the resin-bound retinoid was then hydrolysed in an alkaline medium.
Phthalimide
Definition:
(n.) An imido derivative of phthalic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO)2NH, which has itself (like succinimide) acid properties, and forms a series of salts. Cf. Imido acid, under Imido.
Example Sentences:
(1) 4,5-Bis(aminomethyl)acridine, useful as an immunosuppressant, was prepared in 31% overall yield by the reaction of acridine with N-(hydroxymethyl)phthalimide and subsequent decomposition with excess 6 N HCl.
(2) Structure-activity studies demonstrated the importance of the 5-ethyl, 6-methyl substituent pattern on the pyridinone ring and the need for a flexible two-atom linker between the pyridinone and phthalimide heterocycles.
(3) The use of small-bore glass columns packed with low liquid-phase-loaded insert supports has provided the capability for the separation and quantitative determination of a series of chloroethyl phthalimides.
(4) A series of cyclic imides, which possess a bulkier N-ring structure than phthalimide and saccharin, were shown to suppress LDL receptor binding, internalization and degradation of isolated rat hepatocytes, foam cells, human fibroblasts and mouse macrophages.
(5) Since at least one of the 2 cysteine residues in the C-subunit is known to be in close proximity to the interaction site between the C-subunit and the RII-subunit, these cysteines were chosen initially as targets for covalent modification by two heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents, p-azidophenacyl bromide and N-4-(azidophenylthio)phthalimide.
(6) According to both the electrophilic properties and the spatial requirements of the substituents, the effects were found to be up to 100 times stronger than those of thalidomide, and up to 10 times stronger than those of phthalimide respectively.
(7) Thirty-four young range cattle heavily infested with the common scabies mite, Psoroptes ovis, were dipped in phosmet (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(mercaptomethyl)phthalimide) in 15 trials.
(8) The hypolipidemic agents, phthalimide, saccharin, o-(N-phthalimido) acetophenone, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl) sulfamate, and o-chlorobenzylsulfonamide affected low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor activity and lipoprotein degradation.
(9) The synthetic sequence employed commercially available methyl p-hydroxybenzoate and n-(2,3-epoxypropyl)phthalimide as starting materials.
(10) The conversion of N-(hydroxymethyl)phthalimide (NHPH) to phthalimide could not be detected within 300 s at pH 9.0, whereas in 0.18 M NaOH complete conversion of NHPH to phthalimide was observed within 50 s. In the presence of 0.2-0.4 M 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane buffer solutions (pH 9.30-9.54), 40-60% conversion of NHPH to phthalimide occurred within 90-120 s. The initial concentration of NHPH affected the extent of conversion of NHPH to phthalimide.
(11) Reaction of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl bromide with N-hydroxyphthalimide produced N-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyloxy)phthalimide which, after hydrazinolysis and treatment with hydrogen chloride, yielded O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
(12) Certain differences established between results of thin-layer chromatography, on the one hand, and 15N studies, on the other, are likely to support the assumption that phthalimide is further metabolised by splitting the imide ring yielding phthalamic acid.
(13) N-(omega-Aminoalkyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrroline- or -pyrrolidine-3-carboxamides were acylated on the primary amino group of the side chain by means of reactive acid derivatives (acid chlorides, activated esters, phthalic anhydrides, phthalimide, 2-alkyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones) or they were alkylated by forming the Schiff bases and subsequent sodium borohydride reduction.
(14) Exploratory conversions of N-(omega-alkenyl)phthalimides failed to provide suitable precursors of the target compounds.
(15) A series of nitrogen substituted N-butan-3-one derivatives of cyclic imides (phthalimide, substituted phthalimide, o-benzosulfimide, 1,8-naphthalimide, 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione and diphenimide) and their semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone and acethydrazone derivatives were investigated for hypolipidemic activity in rodents.
(16) These N-substitutions afforded no improvement over other known N-substitutions (e.g., butyl, 3-butanone, or the propionic acid derivatives of phthalimide, saccharin, and 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione) compared with the respective parent compounds.
(17) The chromatographic behaviour of phthalimide derivatives during thin-layer chromatography on silica gel is explained by the repercussions of mesomeric and inductive effects on the specific combined action of the oxygen of the carbonyl groups and of protonized hydrogen atoms of the active centres on the surface of the adsorbent.
(18) In contrast, the C-subunit modified by N-4-(azidophenylthio)phthalimide was cross-linked to the RII-subunit by a mechanism that was independent of photolysis.
(19) The N-(1-chloroethyl) phthalimide compound is not stable even in thisinert system, but it can be stabilized by the room temperature preparation of the N-(1-ethoxyethyl) phthalimide derivative.
(20) Compounds such as N-(2-chlorovinyl) and N-(1,2-DICHLOROETHYL) PHTHALIMIDE HAVE BEEN MEASURED WITH A RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION OF NO MORE THAN 1.4%.