(n.) The state or quality of being independent; freedom from dependence; exemption from reliance on, or control by, others; self-subsistence or maintenance; direction of one's own affairs without interference.
(n.) Sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood.
Example Sentences:
(1) It was found that the skeletal muscle enzyme of the chick embryo is independent of the presence of creatine and consequently is another constitutive enzyme like the creatine kinase of the early embryonic chick heart.
(2) The fraction of the viral dose which became cell associated was independent of the incubation temperature and increased with increasing target membrane concentration.
(3) The procedure was used on 71 occasions, and in each case a clinical diagnosis was made and compared with the cytological diagnosis made independently by a pathologist.
(4) Biden will meet with representatives from six gun groups on Thursday, including the NRA and the Independent Firearms Owners Association, which are both publicly opposed to stricter gun-control laws.
(5) The Independent noted that one of the female protagonists yelled "You c***!"
(6) A subsample of patients scoring over the recommended threshold (five or above) on the general health questionnaire were interviewed by the psychiatrist to compare the case detection of the general practitioner, an independent psychiatric assessment and the 28-item general health questionnaire at two different cut-off scores.
(7) There will be no statutory inquiry or independent review into the notorious clash between police and miners at Orgreave on 18 June 1984 , the home secretary, Amber Rudd, has announced.
(8) Effects of OT injection and OT application were independent.
(9) Although lorazepam and haloperidol produced an equivalent mean decrease in aggression, significantly more subjects who received lorazepam had a greater decrease in aggression ratings than haloperidol recipients; this effect was independent of sedation.
(10) However, empty shells can also form independently of intact virions.
(11) Four other independent LCMV-GP2(275-289) specific H-2Db-restricted CTL clones also expressed V alpha 4 and V beta 10 gene elements.
(12) Survival was independent of the type of clinical presentation and protocol employed but was correlated with the stage (P less than 0.0005), symptoms (P less than 0.025), bulky disease (P less than 0.025) and bone marrow involvement (P less than 0.025).
(13) For each temporal position of the independent noise, discriminability was a function of the ratio of the duration of the independent noise (tau) to the total burst duration.
(14) Stimulation of atrial H1-receptors is suggested to directly cause an increase in Ca-channel conductance independent of intracellular cAMP content.
(15) In particular, inflammatory reaction was significantly more frequent and severe in ischemic groups than in controls, independent of the degree of coronary stenosis.
(16) According to some reports as many as 30 people were killed in the explosion, although that figure could not be independently confirmed.
(17) Despite this alteration in subcellular distribution, the mutant polypeptide retained the ability to induce fibroblast transformation by several parameters, including the ability to display anchorage-independent growth.
(18) Airbnb also features a number of independently posted holiday rentals in Brazil's favelas.
(19) The relative strength of the progressions varies with excitation wavelength and this, together with the absence of a common origin, indicates the existence of two independent emitting states with 0-0' levels separated by either 300 or 1000 cm-1.
(20) These studies also suggest at least two mechanisms for uric acid reabsorption; one sodium dependent, the other independent of sodium and water transport.
Livelihood
Definition:
(n.) Subsistence or living, as dependent on some means of support; support of life; maintenance.
(n.) Liveliness; appearance of life.
Example Sentences:
(1) Friends of the Earth's executive director, Andy Atkins, said: "We can't continue to ignore the stark warnings of the catastrophic consequences of climate change on the lives and livelihoods of people across the planet.
(2) Most patients experience improvement in symptoms and many can return to a productive livelihood.
(3) Labour are finally crafting a clearer line on Brexit: this morning, the shadow chancellor warned that “losing access to the single market would be devastating for jobs, livelihoods and our public services”, that Britain didn’t vote for “economic misery and the loss of jobs”, and that the government was “abandoning Britain’s clear national interests by putting narrow party political concerns first.” These are good lines – and clarify that Labour’s priority is single-market access – but they will only cut through if repeated in similar language until people can hardly bear to hear them anymore.
(4) Ward said: "The alarming truth is that Defra's continuing preference for basing policies upon Paterson's ideological views on climate change, rather than on expert scientific advice, is placing the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the UK at risk."
(5) Maggie Kelly, from the residents campaign group Communities Opposed to New Coal at Hunterston (CONCH), said: "The proposed power station would have a devastating impact on our community, damaging our health, our livelihoods and destroying the local environment.
(6) This financial strain can have a severe impact on the livelihoods of social housing tenants, as shown in a new blog set up by a PhD student at the London School of Economics (LSE).
(7) They soon discovered they had more than livelihoods in common.
(8) Facebook Twitter Pinterest Fishermen approach the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam construction site, during a protest against its construction and its impact on their livelihoods, along the Xingu river near Altamira in Para state.
(9) The fishermen didn't know anything about oil exploration and the devastating effect it could have on the lake that provides their family's livelihood.
(10) The security of knowing that if you fall sick, or just want to take a holiday, you don’t have to jeopardise your livelihood.
(11) The report identifies a series of imminent risks, including illness, the breakdown of infrastructure and public services, food and water insecurity, and loss of rural livelihoods.
(12) Osborne, who has been closely involved in orchestrating what opponents have dubbed “project fear” – the effort to convince voters of the risks of leaving – said: “As chancellor, I feel very strongly that my first responsibility is for people’s jobs, livelihoods and living standards.
(13) TTC’s business conduct on the continent requires international scrutiny and the international community has a responsibility to hold them to account for their devastating impact on public health, environmental sustainability, and economic livelihood.
(14) The magnitude and distribution of these health consequences among the population are discussed in economic terms, that is, in an "accounting framework" comprising such disparate elements as lost lives, lost livelihoods, pain, fear, discomfort, medical costs, excise taxes, and the costs of regulating smoking behaviors.
(15) Less than 1% of Area C had been planned for Palestinian construction – even basic residential and livelihood structures, such as a tent or a fence, required a permit.
(16) Lewis told the Panorama show: “The damage [the alleged entrapment has] caused, the damage to people’s livelihoods, the amount of people sent to prison – it’s much, much bigger, far more serious, than phone hacking ever was.” On Thursday morning, Lewis told the Guardian how people could be swayed by the kind of entrapment alleged to have been carried out by Mahmood: “All human beings have a price.
(17) About 4,000 remain in the Surgut district where Kechimov lives, and most of them still pursue their traditional livelihood of reindeer herding, hunting and fishing, explained the activist Agrafena Sopochina.
(18) Opponents of the pipeline say draining the desert of groundwater would destroy the livelihoods of the cattle ranchers, Native American tribes, and Mormon enterprises that call this expanse home, and reduce a vast swath of the state to a dust bowl.
(19) The letter followed a pledge in February by hundreds of artists and musicians to instigate a cultural boycott of Israel due to the country’s “unrelenting attack on [Palestinian] land, their livelihood, their right to political existence”.
(20) Alastair Butler, a free-range pig farmer, said most pig farmers were against the reintroduction of swill feeding because of the "real risk" to their animals and livelihood.