(n.) The act or process of inferring by deduction or induction.
(n.) That which inferred; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true; a conclusion; a deduction.
Example Sentences:
(1) Consensual but rationally weak criteria devised to extract inferences of causality from such results confirm the generic inadequacy of epidemiology in this area, and are unable to provide definitive scientific support to the perceived mandate for public health action.
(2) We infer from these results that endotoxin ameliorates the cyclical changes in blood cell counts by regulating hematopoietic proliferative activity at the stem cell level.
(3) The operational meaning of all the resulting theorems is that when any of them appear to be refuted experimentally, the presence of more than one parallel transport pathway (that is, of membrane heterogeneity transverse to the direction of transport) can be inferred and analyzed.
(4) The visual processes revealed in these experiments are considered in terms of inferred illumination and surface reflectances of objects in natural scenes.
(5) It is inferred that in this experimental model (1) high-density lipoproteins are probably excreted in the glomerular filtrate, (2) alterations in the composition of the excreted lipoproteins may occur during their passage through the nephron.
(6) The sequence data were used to infer phylogeny by using a maximum-parsimony method, an evolutionary-distance method, and the evolutionary-parsimony method.
(7) Hydropathic analysis of the inferred amino acid sequence of the gene product predicts that amtA encodes a cytoplasmic component of the ammonium transport system.
(8) Chemical binding studies showed that the teichoic acid was the major uranyl binding component in isolated walls, from which it might be inferred that teichoic acid was located in the densely staining regions.
(9) From the different shapes of the scattering curves of the native phosphofructokinase at pH 7.5 in the presence of 15 mM ATP and of the cross-linked tetramer or octamer, it can be inferred that the shapes of the protomers are different: in the presence of ATP the protomers are elongated, having an axial ratio of 1.8 to 2.0; the cross-linked state reveals a spherical protomer of radius 33.0 A, similar to that of the native enzyme at pH 7.5 in the presence of fructose 6-phosphate or fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
(10) An international team led by Luciano Iess at the Sapienza University in Rome inferred the existence of the ocean after taking a series of exquisite measurements made during three fly-bys between April 2010 and May 2012, which brought the Cassini spacecraft within 100km of the surface of Enceladus.
(11) We infer an alpha 1-adrenergic effect in which norepinephrine is released by ethanol.
(12) Where Brooks was concerned on the hacking charge, there was very little extra evidence to add to that platform of inference.
(13) We therefore infer the existence of separate fiber type-specific and positionally graded transcriptional regulators that act together to determine levels of transgene expression.
(14) The therapeutical inferences of these observations are discussed.
(15) We infer that a 5' cap is present on both of these RNAs and conclude that the mini-exon-derived RNA donates its 5' cap along with the mini-exon sequence to the pre-mRNA.
(16) Tonic sympathetic neural control of heart rate was inferred from bradycardia after treatment with the adrenergic neuron-blocking agent, bretylium tosylate.
(17) Two consequences of these conditions are (1) patient classification into syndrome types (e.g., phonological dysgraphia, agrammatism, and so forth) can play no useful role in research concerned with issues about the structure of normal cognitive functioning or its dissolution under conditions of brain damage; and (2) only single-patient studies allow valid inferences about the structure of cognitive mechanisms from the analysis of impaired performance.
(18) Results are discussed and inferences for better care, particularly of the mentally ill residents, are indicated.
(19) By way of conclusion, from our observations we may infer that neither age, nor sex nor location, save in the case of patients under the age of 40, have prognostic value in the evolution of the primary tumor, which will be noticeably better (lower percentage of relapses and longer illness-free period) in patients with a single tumor of low grade and state, and in general in patients receiving intravesical prophylactic chemotherapy treatment, and no difference is found between thio-tepa and adriamycin.
(20) Awareness of making dispositional inferences was only weakly correlated with disposition-cued recall.
Transduction
Definition:
(n.) The act of conveying over.
Example Sentences:
(1) Preservation of dopaminergic and H1 neurotransmission, probably within the blood barrier, is needed to allow the neuroendocrine transduction of cholinergic inputs, whereas the role of 5-HT neurotransmission remains uncertain.
(2) Adhesion and O2- production were also found to be differentially affected by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide and the A2 agonist adenosine, indicating that these neutrophil responses have various transductional pathways that also depend on the type of stimulus.
(3) Additionally, the amount of mRNAs for preproenkephalin as well as for the cellular proto-oncogenes c-myc, c-fos and c-H-ras, which are thought to be mediators of intracellular signal transduction, was determined in hippocampus in these same animals.
(4) Our results suggest that multiple receptors and signal transduction pathways are involved in the regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in the rat adrenal medulla.
(5) This report examines the timing of changes in the contractile potential of the cortical cytoplasm as the oocyte becomes the egg, and in addition, the signal transduction events which induce these changes.
(6) A possible role of the olfactory tubercle in olfactory transduction will also be discussed.
(7) Meta II is the form of photolyzed rhodopsin which binds and activates the visual G-protein (Gt); thus, its relative abundance at equilibrium and temporal stability are important parameters in determining the efficiency of visual signal transduction.
(8) Some of these transductants segregated certain F14 genes, indicating they were carried on self-replicating genetic elements, but others were not cured of F14 markers, even by acridine orange.
(9) This domain is shared by a number of signal transduction proteins including nonreceptor tyrosine kinases such as Abl, Fps, Src, and Src family members, the transforming protein Crk, phospholipase C-gamma 1, PI-3 (phosphatidylinositol) kinase, and guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein (GAP).
(10) In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that endotoxin- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages are a principle source of TNF; however, membrane signal transduction and intracellular pathways by which LPS triggers TNF production in macrophages are unclear.
(11) glycoproteins called leukocyte common Ag (CD45), which are involved in phosphotyrosine signal transduction.
(12) These 2 proteins provide a unique model for studying the specificity of signal transduction and gene expression in dopaminoceptive neurons.
(13) The response to both IL-3 and GM-CSF was not additive in the presence of an optimal concentration of one cytokine and titrating concentrations of the other indicating that they may use common receptors and signal transduction mechanisms.
(14) The changes in both mobility and amino-terminal phosphorylation can be reproduced by known activators of protein kinase C (4 alpha-phorbol 12 beta-myristate, dioctanoylglycerol), suggesting that this signal transduction pathway (or related pathways) mediates at least part of these events.
(15) Thus, the gamma 5 and gamma 7 subunits are the first G protein gamma subunits known that could participate in the regulation of widely distributed signal transduction pathways.
(16) It is proposed that the left-right axis in Xenopus, as reflected in cardiac looping, is established early in development, and that proteoglycan synthesis is involved in the transduction of left-right axial information to the cardiac primordia during migration.
(17) In this case, resistance markers were lost when the transductants became Lac- but the derivatives remained copper resistant.
(18) The cyclic adenosine nucleotide pathway is turned off by kinase A activity, whereas the inositol trisphosphate cascade is terminated by kinase C. The data support the concept that desensitization of odorant responses involves phosphorylation of key elements in the transduction cascade.
(19) Interleukin 1 (IL-1) mediates many cellular functions, but the signal transduction mechanisms of its actions are not clearly understood.
(20) This stimulatory effect of kE on the binding of iE to HSF could be inhibited by neomycin, retinal and pertussis toxin, substances which act at different levels of the transduction mechanism following the activation of the receptor and the subsequent triggering of cell biological events (chemotaxis, modification of calcium fluxes).