(n.) A substance of very wide occurrence. It is found dissolved in the sap of the roots and rhizomes of many composite and other plants, as Inula, Helianthus, Campanula, etc., and is extracted by solution as a tasteless, white, semicrystalline substance, resembling starch, with which it is isomeric. It is intermediate in nature between starch and sugar. Called also dahlin, helenin, alantin, etc.
Example Sentences:
(1) Modest reductions in renal function as measured by clearances of inulin and p-aminohippurate occurred acutely only in the patients with renal impairment.
(2) Induction of NSN resulted in a significant fall of inulin clearance (Cin) and paraaminohippurate clearance at 2 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days in both groups.
(3) Linear regression analyses (LRA) were performed to determine whether the percentage dose at various time intervals after injection correlated with GFR calculated on the basis of creatinine and inulin clearance data.
(4) Sera depleted of terminal complement components by treatment with inulin or cobra venom factor and C8-deficient human serum did not support phagocytosis of the test strains.
(5) The drug and inulin were injected into the right internal carotid artery as a rapid bolus and the venous outflow curve at the posterior facial vein was obtained.
(6) The present study demonstrates that this fluorocarbon perfusion technique maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as evidenced by the small volume (1.77-3.33%) accessible to [carboxyl-14C]inulin.
(7) Brain uptake of inulin and methotrexate was significantly increased in the dogs made hydrocephalic 4 weeks prior to perfusion, but was less so in the 8-week hydrocephalics.
(8) Inulin clearance was minimally enhanced, and para-aminohippuran clearance was slightly decreased by candoxatril in both groups.
(9) The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured using a continuous inulin infusion in control, treadmill running, and swimming experiments in intact and splenectomized dogs.
(10) The influence of various medium supplements on Sertoli cell (Sc) monolayer permeability to [3H]inulin and polarized secretion of transferrin (Trf) and androgen-binding protein (ABP) was investigated in a two-compartment culture chamber.
(11) This could only be explained if these compounds distributed with the albumin space and not the inulin space.
(12) Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and [(14)C]inulin served as water markers.2.
(13) Mean creatinine clearance (Ccreat) in donor was 78% that of controls, which was similar to the 85% ratio of inulin clearance (Cin) in donors compared with that of controls.
(14) By measuring inulin clearance, lithium clearance and urinary excretion rates of sodium and water, the changes in proximal and distal tubular sodium handling were dissociated.
(15) Three dialysis membranes, including a polyacrilonitrile membrane, a polycarbonate membrane and a cuprophan membrane coated with charcoal, have been compared with cuprophan in order to assess their ability to clear from aqueous solution and plasma, substances thought to be of pathogenetic importance in hepatic coma (ammonia, short chain fatty acids and mercaptans), some protein bound (glycocholate and bromsulphthalein) and some middle molecular weight molecules (ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, cyanocobalamin and inulin).
(16) Glomerular filtration rates obtained by this method (method A) and those obtained with two widely used single-injection techniques, the slope-intercept method (method B), and the two-compartment method (method C), were compared with GFRs obtained by standard inulin clearance techniques in 14 dogs.
(17) For unknown reasons, multiple doses of these liposomes resulted in further reduction in ocular inulin absorption when compared with single doses.
(18) It was shown that the degradative products of levan or inulin and low concentrations of fructose were able to induce levanase expression.
(19) Aqueous humor dynamics were studied in the dogfish, Squalus acanthias, using isotopically labeled inulin, Na+, Cl-, and HCO-3.
(20) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were calculated from the inulin and p-aminohippuric acid clearances, respectively.
Sugar
Definition:
(n.) A sweet white (or brownish yellow) crystalline substance, of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It is used for seasoning and preserving many kinds of food and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially sucrose. See the Note below.
(n.) By extension, anything resembling sugar in taste or appearance; as, sugar of lead (lead acetate), a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweet taste.
(n.) Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render acceptable something obnoxious; honeyed or soothing words.
(v. i.) In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the sirup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; -- with the preposition off.
(v. t.) To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with sugar; to mix sugar with.
(v. t.) To cover with soft words; to disguise by flattery; to compliment; to sweeten; as, to sugar reproof.
Example Sentences:
(1) These results demonstrate that increased availability of galactose, a high-affinity substrate for the enzyme, leads to increased aldose reductase messenger RNA, which suggests a role for aldose reductase in sugar metabolism in the lens.
(2) In addition to the changes associated with blood group A, we also found a decrease in sugar content, alterations in other antigens, and changes in the levels of several glycosyltransferases in cancerous tissues.
(3) Their contour lengths varied from 0.28 to 51 micron, but unlike in the case of maize, a large difference was not observed in the distribution of molecular classes greater than 1.0 micron between N and S cytoplasms of sugar beet.
(4) As a group, the three mammalian proteins resemble bovine serum conglutinin and behave as lectins with rather broad sugar specificities directed at certain non-reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, glucose and fucose residues, but with subtle differences in fine specificities.
(5) TK1 showed the most restricted substrate specificity but tolerated 3'-modifications of the sugar ring and some 5-substitutions of the pyrimidine ring.
(6) 500-MHz H-NMR spectroscopy of the oligosaccharides derived from gamma-seminoprotein, a human seminal plasma glycoprotein, revealed considerable microheterogeneity both with respect to the degree of branching and with regard to the peripheral sugars.
(7) The percentage of energy from fat and added sugars and the amount of sodium and fibre in the diet tended to increase with energy intake.
(8) D-Mannitol has not so far been known as a major product of sugar metabolism by yeasts.
(9) The concentration dependences of response of frog tongue to D-fructose, D-glucose, and sucrose were almost the same, D-galactose, however, elicited a much larger response in comparison with the other sugars in the whole range of concentrations examined.
(10) A brevibacterium, strain TH-4, previously isolated by aerobic enrichment on the monocyclic monoterpenoid cis-terpin hydrate as a sole carbon and energy source, was found to grow on alpha-terpineol and on a number of common sugars and organic acids.
(11) These results provide no support for the claims that aprotinin prevents the activation of sugar transport in muscle by contractile activity or that bradykinin is the muscle activity hypoglycemia factor.
(12) Increased erythrocyte levels of the pyrimidine-sugar UDP-glucose were also found in patients with the highest orotidine levels.
(13) Each of the three A toxins consists of a single basic polypeptide chain of 93 to 99 residues, cross-linked by three or four disulfide bonds, lacking reducing sugar and cysteinyl residues.
(14) Well-refined x-ray structures of the liganded forms of the wild-type and a mutant protein isolated from a strain defective in chemotaxis but fully competent in transport have provided a molecular view of the sugar-binding site and of a site for interacting with the Trg transmembrane signal transducer.
(15) Two newly discovered enzymes have the capacity to metabolize these sugars but are not essential for their catabolism in wild-type cells.
(16) Often, flavorings such as chocolate and strawberry and sugars are added to low-fat and skim milk to make up for the loss of taste when the fat is removed.
(17) All components studied, namely amino-sugars, hexoses and neuraminic acid increased with age in men.
(18) The presence of serum in the phagocytosis assay did not affect either phagocytosis of Phz-treated RBCs or inhibition by sugars.
(19) In addition, 5-imino-derivatives of daunorubicin modified at sugar moiety were less effective in stimulating NADH oxidation and oxygen radical production than 5-iminodaunorubicin itself.
(20) Photobinding of 8-methoxypsoralen to 2'-deoxyadenosine also occurs, with covalent bond formation between carbon 3 or 4 of the pyrone ring and the sugar moiety of the nucleoside.