What's the difference between invertebrate and retinula?
Invertebrate
Definition:
(a.) Destitute of a backbone; having no vertebrae; of or pertaining to the Invertebrata.
(n.) One of the Invertebrata.
Example Sentences:
(1) The results suggest that normal development of some invertebrate neural pathways may be more dependent on experience during ontogeny than has previously been assumed.
(2) This result is in contrast to most other animals (ranging from invertebrates to mammals), in which sperm are generally motile for at least several hours.
(3) This invertebrate precipitin, Tridacnin, may be used as a marker for nearly two thirds of all asialo serum glycoproteins; A number of different cross-reactions with various other polysaccharides and galactans subdivides those neuraminidase-treated glycoproteins into several subgroups, indicating that the uncovered carbohydrate structures are not always completely identical.
(4) We compared the molecular nature of the rat brain opiate receptor with that of the invertebrate leech, Haemopis marmorata, and the protozoan, Tetrahymena, in order to examine the issue of apparent receptor heterogeneity with respect to biochemical structure.
(5) The ruthenium red method was also used on a number of marine invertebrate embryos and larvae, representing different phyla, to facilitate comparisons between their surface coats.
(6) Using an SDS gel electrophoresis method, connectin, very high molecular weight (approximately 10(6) dalton) protein, was detected in an SDS extract of whole tissues of various types of muscles of vertebrates and invertebrates.
(7) Thirty-five antisera to 20 vertebrate regulatory peptides and 1 invertebrate peptide (FMRFamide) were used to screen the worm for neuropeptide IR.
(8) Purification procedures that appear to be generally applicable to invertebrate MTs have only recently been developed and are described here.
(9) The over-all response of duck erythrocytes is considered as an example of "isosmotic intracellular regulation," a term used to describe a form of volume regulation common to euryhaline invertebrates which is achieved by adjusting the number of effective intracellular osmotic particles.
(10) The body wall muscle and the blood vessel muscle are compared with other muscle types described in invertebrates.
(11) Although neither protein bound to heparin, gelatin, hexosamine, or uronic acid-Sepharose resins, their affinity for an invertebrate proteoglycan, their roles in sponge cell adhesion, and their peripheral membrane protein natures suggest that they may represent early invertebrate analogs of cell-associated vertebrate extracellular matrix adhesion proteins, such as fibronectin or vitronectin, or else an entirely novel set of cell adhesion molecules.
(12) In organisms as diverse as bacteria, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, synthesis of these proteins is directly correlated with the acquisition of thermotolerance.
(13) Invertebrate systems have proved to be quite useful for the development of an understanding of some processes in the central nervous system (CNS).
(14) The amino acid composition of the ABRM calmodulin closely resembled that of other invertebrate calmodulins.
(15) Current thinking on fixed behaviors in invertebrates holds that they are generated by specialized neural circuits in the brain.
(16) In view of reports that the nerve fibers of the sea prawn conduct impulses more rapidly than other invertebrate nerves and look like myelinated vertebrate nerves in the light microscope, prawn nerve fibers were studied with the electron microscope.
(17) To test the hypothesis that inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) mediates adaptation and excitation in invertebrate photoreceptors, we measured its formation on a rapid time scale in squid retinas.
(18) The cellular and circuit properties of individual identified neurons in invertebrates can be readily studied; hence it is possible to determine how the complex properties of nerve cells function in the generation of behavior.
(19) These processes may be conserved in a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates.
(20) The action of ocular screening pigments of vertebrates (melanins) as well as those of invertebrates (ommochromes) on lipid peroxidation has been studied.
Retinula
Definition:
(n.) One of the group of pigmented cells which surround the retinophorae of invertebrates. See Illust. under Ommatidium.
Example Sentences:
(1) A tapetum or basal retinula cells are not developed.
(2) Four of these are numerous (retinula axons symapsing onto thick ocellar nerve fibres or onto thin ocellar fibres; thin ocellar nerve fibres synapsing onto thick ocellar nerve fibres or onto other thin ocellar fibres).
(3) A calculation of the theoretical field size of individual retinula cells from measurments of refractive index and lens dimensions predicts that cells which participate in the central rhabdom will have acceptance angles near 3 degrees.
(4) The proximal pigment is found only in retinula cells.
(5) At high but not at low response levels, the critical duration is significantly longer in eccentric cells than in retinula cells.
(6) All retinula cells run the entire length from the cone to the basal lamina, although two, called the proximal cells, only contribute to the lowest third of the rhabdom, and one of either cell 6 or cell 7 on our arbitrary numbering system forms its axon one third the way up the ommatidium.
(7) The position of three cone cell processes (cone threads) is almost invariable with respect to numbered retinula cells but the remaining threads can take any of three intercellular locations.
(8) Probable peroxisomes were also present in the peripheral retina of the eye, including in retinular (retinula) and pigment cells, but there were very few of them.
(9) The retinula cell nuclei lie on the proximal side of the heavily pigmented basement membrane.
(10) The remaining retinula cells 7, 8 and 9 have long fibres.
(11) Each visual unit (ommatidium) of the compound eye of the honey bee contains nine retinula cells, six of which end as axons in the first synaptic ganglion, the lamina, and three in the second optic ganglion, the medulla.
(12) A technique allowing light- and electron microscopy to be performed on the same silver-impregnated sections has made it possible to follow all types of retinula axons of one ommatidium to their terminals in order to study the shape of the terminal branches with their position in the cartridge.
(13) Moreover, while retinula photoreceptor innervation is initially required for the development of normal optic ganglia, the ablation of these cells in midpupation has no discernible effect.
(14) Each ocellus has about 80 retinula cells whose axons project to corresponding ganglia from which 4 giant afferent interneurons (per ganglion) project to the brain.
(15) Four types of monopolar cells L1-L4 are classified; their branching patterns seem to be correlated to the splitting and termination of retinula cell axons.
(16) Six retinula cells course distally to screen two sides of the crystalline cone.
(17) The retinula cells are connected together by a desmosomal strip along their length.
(18) The synaptoid junctions are characterized by postsynaptic electron-dense material on the inner leaflet of the retinula cell membrane and, frequently, presynaptic submembranous dense material.
(19) No significant binding was observed to the outer plasma membrane of the retinula cells, or in any other part of the retina.
(20) In it lie the very large oval nuclei of the seven retinula cells.