(n.) That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion.
(n.) A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation.
(n.) An artificial oyster bed.
Example Sentences:
(1) By 24 hr, rough endoplasmic reticulum in thecal cells increased from 4.2 to 7% of cell volume, while the amount in granulosa cells increased from less than 3.5% to more than 10%; the quantity remained relatively constant in the theca but declined to prestimulation values in the granulosa layer.
(2) These cells contained organelles characteristic of the maturation stage ameloblast and often extended to the enamel surface, suggesting a possible origin from the ameloblast layer.
(3) None of the other soft tissue layers-ameloblasts, stratum intermedium or dental follicle--immunostain for TGF-beta 1.
(4) Adding a layer of private pensions, it was thought, does not involve Government mechanisms and keeps the money in the private sector.
(5) Intraepidermal clefting starts at the junction between the basal and epidermal layers, and later involves all of the levels of the stratum spinosum.
(6) These data suggest that basophilic cell function in the superficial mucous layer in the nose is of greater significance in the development of nasal symptoms in response to nasal allergy than either mucociliary activity or nasal mucosal hypersensitivity to histamine.
(7) Likewise, they had little or no effects on the fluorescence anisotropy of TMA-DPH, which is also thought to be located in the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer, either when the probe was located in the outer layer of the plasma membrane or when the probe was located in the inner membrane compartment.
(8) While the heaviest anterogradely labeled ascending projections were observed to the contralateral ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, pars oralis (VPLo), efferent projections were also observed to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLc) and central lateral (CL) nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar complex, magnocellular (and to a lesser extent parvicellular) red nucleus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, zona incerta, nucleus of the posterior commissure, lateral intermediate layer and deep layer of the superior colliculus, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basilar pontine nuclei (especially dorsal and peduncular), and dorsal (DAO) and medial (MAO) accessory olivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral (external) cuneate nucleus (LCN) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and to a lesser extent the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and caudal nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), and dorsal medullary raphe.
(9) Separation of PL by thin-layer chromatography revealed a prevalence of phosphatidylcholine followed by phosphatidylethanolamine.
(10) Thin layers of carbon (20 microns) and vacuoles (30 microns) suggested a large temperature gradient along the tissue ablation front.
(11) In cat, DARPP-32-immunoreactive cell bodies identified as Müller cells were demonstrated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) with processes closely surrounding the cell soma of photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer.
(12) Suspensions of isolated insect flight muscle thick filaments were embedded in layers of vitreous ice and visualized in the electron microscope under liquid nitrogen conditions.
(13) We demonstrated that while the protein was incorporated into the cell layer at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hr, a far greater amount was secreted into the media.
(14) From this proliferating layer, precursor cells migrate outwards to reach the developing neostriatum in a sequential fashion according to two gradients of histogenesis.
(15) In many areas there are additional indications of thalamic terminations in deeper layers.
(16) Their narrowed processes pass at a common site through the muscle layer and above this layer again slightly widen and project above the neighbouring tegument.
(17) One month after unilateral transection of the fimbria-fornix an almost complete lack of cholinergic fibers persists in all layers of the dorsal hippocampus and fascia dentata ipsilateral to the lesion when compared to the contralateral hippocampus or to unlesioned control rats.
(18) After methylene blue, the gradient in resting potential across the circular layer was greatly reduced or abolished.
(19) In contrast, boundary layer diffusion is operative in the release from the matrixes prepared by compression of physical mixtures.
(20) This hydrostatic pressure may well be the driving force for creating channels for acid and pepsin to cross the mucus layer covering the mucosal surface.
Reeler
Definition:
(n.) One who reels.
(n.) The grasshopper warbler; -- so called from its note.
Example Sentences:
(1) Although the reeler, an autosomal recessive mutant mouse with the abnormality of lamination in the central nervous system, died about 3 weeks of age when fed ordinary laboratory chow, this mouse could grow up normally and prolong its destined, short lifespan to 50 weeks and more when given assistance in taking paste food and water from the weaning period.
(2) The metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the CNS was investigated in four kinds of morphologically different ataxic mice; reeler, staggerer, weaver and Purkinje cell degeneration mutants, and in hypocerebellar mice experimentally produced by injection of cytosine arabinoside.
(4) Reeler is an autosomal recessive mutation of mice that alters neuronal migration during development, yielding a general inversion of the laminae in the neocortex.
(5) Unlike dissociated hippocampal pyramidal cells, which frequently resemble their in vivo morphology, dissociated dentate granule cells bear little resemblance to their normal in vivo counterparts, but are very similar in appearance to the ectopic granule cells seen in the reeler mouse.
(6) Although we cannot determine whether the Purkinje cell loss in reeler is a primary or secondary gene effect, the possibility that the reeler gene has its effect on migration through a primary effect on neurogenesis or cell survival should be considered.
(7) The reeler cerebellum, which possesses an abnormal cytoarchitecture with numerous ectopically located Purkinje cells, was stained histochemically for the presence of 5'-nucleotidase.
(8) The distribution of the perikarya of astrocytes and other glial cells in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus has been studied in gold chloride-sublimate preparations of rats and of normal and reeler mice, and in plastic embedded material from young adult rats.
(9) Nevertheless, while SS fibers in the normal cortex are most dense in layers I and V-VI, the reeler cortex exhibits little laminar heterogeneity in the distribution of these fibers.
(10) These comparative observations in normal and reeler mutant mice lend support to previous suggestions that L1, together with N-CAM, may play a role in the aggregation of neuronal cell bodies after migration and in the fasciculation of developing fiber bundles.
(11) This suggests that cell differentiation and the tangenital organization of reeler neocortex are normal despite cell malposition in the mutant.
(12) The specific content of P400 protein decreases in the cerebella from homozygous nervous and Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice, where the total number of Purkinje cells is markedly reduced, and increases in those of the reeler and weaver mice where a deficit of the granule cells exists.
(13) Bergmann fibers and the distribution of Golgi epithelial cells were significantly altered in staggerer, reeler and double mutant (affected by both staggerer and reeler conditions).
(14) On the other hand, anomalies of Purkinje cells and Bergmann fibers, which are also present both in staggerer and reeler, did not follow the same additive change.
(15) However, in the reeler dentate gyrus, most postnatal cell proliferation occurs ectopically and in the hippocampus the normal "inside-out" sequence of neurogenesis is reversed, the earliest pyramidal cells generated coming to lie superficially within the stratum pyramidale and the later formed cells being added at progressively deeper levels.
(16) We performed a descriptive analysis on the arborization of dendritic processes of large pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex (hindlimb area) of normal and reeler mice, as seen in the Golgi preparations.
(17) In reeler, by contrast, fascicles of retinotectal axons are distributed through the entire thickness of SGS as well as through SO.
(18) It is evident from both cell-and fiber-stained sections that despite the obvious defect in the positioning of the hippocampal pyramidal and dentate granule cells in the reeler mouse within the radial dimension, the hippocampal formation as a whole shows a normal and consistent progression of cytoarchitectonic fields along its transverse axis, and a normal and consistent progression of changes in the structure of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus along their longitudinal axes.
(19) The characterization and thus the cloning of the reeler gene is therefore important for our understanding of brain development.
(20) The apical dendrites of the CC neurons in all layers of the cortex of the reeler mouse are randomly oriented; no direct relationship between the intracortical position of the soma and orientation of the apical dendrite was found.