(n.) That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion.
(n.) A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation.
(n.) An artificial oyster bed.
Example Sentences:
(1) By 24 hr, rough endoplasmic reticulum in thecal cells increased from 4.2 to 7% of cell volume, while the amount in granulosa cells increased from less than 3.5% to more than 10%; the quantity remained relatively constant in the theca but declined to prestimulation values in the granulosa layer.
(2) These cells contained organelles characteristic of the maturation stage ameloblast and often extended to the enamel surface, suggesting a possible origin from the ameloblast layer.
(3) None of the other soft tissue layers-ameloblasts, stratum intermedium or dental follicle--immunostain for TGF-beta 1.
(4) Adding a layer of private pensions, it was thought, does not involve Government mechanisms and keeps the money in the private sector.
(5) Intraepidermal clefting starts at the junction between the basal and epidermal layers, and later involves all of the levels of the stratum spinosum.
(6) These data suggest that basophilic cell function in the superficial mucous layer in the nose is of greater significance in the development of nasal symptoms in response to nasal allergy than either mucociliary activity or nasal mucosal hypersensitivity to histamine.
(7) Likewise, they had little or no effects on the fluorescence anisotropy of TMA-DPH, which is also thought to be located in the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer, either when the probe was located in the outer layer of the plasma membrane or when the probe was located in the inner membrane compartment.
(8) While the heaviest anterogradely labeled ascending projections were observed to the contralateral ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, pars oralis (VPLo), efferent projections were also observed to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLc) and central lateral (CL) nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar complex, magnocellular (and to a lesser extent parvicellular) red nucleus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, zona incerta, nucleus of the posterior commissure, lateral intermediate layer and deep layer of the superior colliculus, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basilar pontine nuclei (especially dorsal and peduncular), and dorsal (DAO) and medial (MAO) accessory olivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral (external) cuneate nucleus (LCN) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and to a lesser extent the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and caudal nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), and dorsal medullary raphe.
(9) Separation of PL by thin-layer chromatography revealed a prevalence of phosphatidylcholine followed by phosphatidylethanolamine.
(10) Thin layers of carbon (20 microns) and vacuoles (30 microns) suggested a large temperature gradient along the tissue ablation front.
(11) In cat, DARPP-32-immunoreactive cell bodies identified as Müller cells were demonstrated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) with processes closely surrounding the cell soma of photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer.
(12) Suspensions of isolated insect flight muscle thick filaments were embedded in layers of vitreous ice and visualized in the electron microscope under liquid nitrogen conditions.
(13) We demonstrated that while the protein was incorporated into the cell layer at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hr, a far greater amount was secreted into the media.
(14) From this proliferating layer, precursor cells migrate outwards to reach the developing neostriatum in a sequential fashion according to two gradients of histogenesis.
(15) In many areas there are additional indications of thalamic terminations in deeper layers.
(16) Their narrowed processes pass at a common site through the muscle layer and above this layer again slightly widen and project above the neighbouring tegument.
(17) One month after unilateral transection of the fimbria-fornix an almost complete lack of cholinergic fibers persists in all layers of the dorsal hippocampus and fascia dentata ipsilateral to the lesion when compared to the contralateral hippocampus or to unlesioned control rats.
(18) After methylene blue, the gradient in resting potential across the circular layer was greatly reduced or abolished.
(19) In contrast, boundary layer diffusion is operative in the release from the matrixes prepared by compression of physical mixtures.
(20) This hydrostatic pressure may well be the driving force for creating channels for acid and pepsin to cross the mucus layer covering the mucosal surface.
Substratum
Definition:
(n.) That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil.
(n.) The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.
Example Sentences:
(1) The Very Late Antigens (VLAs) are alpha beta heterodimeric transmembrane proteins mediating cell-substratum as well as cell-cell interactions.
(2) Substratum wrinkling was indicative of tension development and quantitated as percent of cells contracted.
(3) The proliferative response did not require extra substratum or the presence of serum, even during cell isolation and plating.
(4) This behaviour therefore reflects the ability of the cells to modify the composition of the underlying substratum during growth.
(5) SMC also displayed several structurally detectable interactions with the fibrin substratum, such as organization of the gel by means of extension of numerous filamentous processes and contraction and wrinkling of the gel.
(6) Previous work from our laboratory had shown that goldfish retinal fragments explanted onto a polylysine substratum 1 to 2 weeks following optic nerve crush exhibit a striking clockwise pattern of neuritic outgrowth.
(7) Substratum-bound enzyme could be solubilized in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or Triton X-100 and demonstrated by zymography following electrophoresis or assayed for amidolytic activity with a chromogenic substrate (Kabi S-2251).
(8) Type II cells cultured on this substratum showed a positive signal for mRNA for all three surfactant proteins; the abundance of these mRNAs, however, was significantly below that seen in freshly isolated type II cells.
(9) This increase may provide a firm substratum for reendothelialization after vascular injury.
(10) This research suggests that the substratum plays an important role in the maintenance or differentiation or both of mucous cells in culture.
(11) Time-lapse cinemicrography reveals that in clone B ZR-75-1 cells, which are not sensitive to the DNA synthesis-inhibitory effect of IL-6 or to its cell-separating effect on preformed colonies, IL-6 can still block rapid readherence of post-mitotic cells to their neighbors and to the substratum leading to enhanced dispersal of cancer cells into the culture medium.
(12) Confluent cultures of RPE from normal donors and from two donors with dominantly inherited RP were labeled with 3H-glucosamine and 35SO4 and the proteoglycans isolated from the medium, substratum and two cell membrane-associated compartments, designated "EDTA-released" and "cell-associated."
(13) We have investigated the molecular basis of the organization of cell-substratum contact in normal and neoplastic renal epithelium.
(14) When substratum adsorption sites were covered immediately after initial attachment, subsequent cell spreading was prevented.
(15) We now show that exposure of B16 melanoma cells to bromodeoxyuridine increases cell-substratum interactions concurrent with an increase in genome susceptibility to nucleases.
(16) The arrhythmias in competitive athletes may be classified as "benign," "paraphysiological" due to prolonged athletic training, or "pathological" due to hemodynamic effects on the athletic performance-risk-arrhythmogenic substratum.
(17) There is a fourfold increase in the number of organelles moving retrogradely in neurites that encounter a substratum-associated barrier to elongation; retrograde movements increase similarly in cultures exposed to cytochalasin at levels known to block growth cone advance.
(18) The changes in Ca2+ homeostasis and phosphoinositide hydrolysis induced by EGF were studied in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells both when attached to a substratum and after detachment and suspension.
(19) In the present study, however, when the basal lamina component laminin was used as a substratum, neurites grew out as uncurved spokes, were less fasciculated, and had an increased rate of elongation.
(20) One mechanism by which a cell might modulate its associations with the substratum is by selective, regulated proteolysis of an adhesion plaque component.