(n.) That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion.
(n.) A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation.
(n.) An artificial oyster bed.
Example Sentences:
(1) By 24 hr, rough endoplasmic reticulum in thecal cells increased from 4.2 to 7% of cell volume, while the amount in granulosa cells increased from less than 3.5% to more than 10%; the quantity remained relatively constant in the theca but declined to prestimulation values in the granulosa layer.
(2) These cells contained organelles characteristic of the maturation stage ameloblast and often extended to the enamel surface, suggesting a possible origin from the ameloblast layer.
(3) None of the other soft tissue layers-ameloblasts, stratum intermedium or dental follicle--immunostain for TGF-beta 1.
(4) Adding a layer of private pensions, it was thought, does not involve Government mechanisms and keeps the money in the private sector.
(5) Intraepidermal clefting starts at the junction between the basal and epidermal layers, and later involves all of the levels of the stratum spinosum.
(6) These data suggest that basophilic cell function in the superficial mucous layer in the nose is of greater significance in the development of nasal symptoms in response to nasal allergy than either mucociliary activity or nasal mucosal hypersensitivity to histamine.
(7) Likewise, they had little or no effects on the fluorescence anisotropy of TMA-DPH, which is also thought to be located in the interfacial region of the lipid bilayer, either when the probe was located in the outer layer of the plasma membrane or when the probe was located in the inner membrane compartment.
(8) While the heaviest anterogradely labeled ascending projections were observed to the contralateral ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, pars oralis (VPLo), efferent projections were also observed to the contralateral ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLc) and central lateral (CL) nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar complex, magnocellular (and to a lesser extent parvicellular) red nucleus, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, zona incerta, nucleus of the posterior commissure, lateral intermediate layer and deep layer of the superior colliculus, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, contralateral nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis and basilar pontine nuclei (especially dorsal and peduncular), and dorsal (DAO) and medial (MAO) accessory olivary nuclei, ipsilateral lateral (external) cuneate nucleus (LCN) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and to a lesser extent the caudal medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and caudal nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), and dorsal medullary raphe.
(9) Separation of PL by thin-layer chromatography revealed a prevalence of phosphatidylcholine followed by phosphatidylethanolamine.
(10) Thin layers of carbon (20 microns) and vacuoles (30 microns) suggested a large temperature gradient along the tissue ablation front.
(11) In cat, DARPP-32-immunoreactive cell bodies identified as Müller cells were demonstrated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) with processes closely surrounding the cell soma of photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer.
(12) Suspensions of isolated insect flight muscle thick filaments were embedded in layers of vitreous ice and visualized in the electron microscope under liquid nitrogen conditions.
(13) We demonstrated that while the protein was incorporated into the cell layer at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hr, a far greater amount was secreted into the media.
(14) From this proliferating layer, precursor cells migrate outwards to reach the developing neostriatum in a sequential fashion according to two gradients of histogenesis.
(15) In many areas there are additional indications of thalamic terminations in deeper layers.
(16) Their narrowed processes pass at a common site through the muscle layer and above this layer again slightly widen and project above the neighbouring tegument.
(17) One month after unilateral transection of the fimbria-fornix an almost complete lack of cholinergic fibers persists in all layers of the dorsal hippocampus and fascia dentata ipsilateral to the lesion when compared to the contralateral hippocampus or to unlesioned control rats.
(18) After methylene blue, the gradient in resting potential across the circular layer was greatly reduced or abolished.
(19) In contrast, boundary layer diffusion is operative in the release from the matrixes prepared by compression of physical mixtures.
(20) This hydrostatic pressure may well be the driving force for creating channels for acid and pepsin to cross the mucus layer covering the mucosal surface.
Subsurface
Definition:
Example Sentences:
(1) The forehead flap covers fabricated composite flaps of intravasal lining and primary cartilage grafts that create the subsurface architecture of the external nose.
(2) Completely demineralized root powder was subjected to solutions of varying pH and ionic strength: (a) 0.1 M acetic acid, pH 4.0, (b) 0.1 M acetic acid + 0.15 M KCl, pH 4.0, (c) 0.1 M Hepes, pH 7.0 or to (d) 0.1 M Hepes + 0.15 M KCl, pH 7.0 at 37 degrees C. The surfaces of intact root specimens were exposed to 0.1 M acetic acid, pH 4.0 (which resulted in erosive lesions) or to 0.1 M lactic acid, 0.2 mM methane hydroxy diphosphonate, pH 5.0 (which produced subsurface lesions) at 37 degrees C. After incubation, the extracts were analysed for soluble collagen and the insoluble matrices were treated with trypsin at 15 degrees C to determine the denatured collagen.
(3) It is important to remember that the behavior of contaminants in the subsurface is influenced by chemical and hydrologic parameters as well as biotic considerations, and that a wholistic understanding of these processes will be required for successful ground-water quality management.
(4) Of major significance in assessing the environmental risk impact of GEMs is an understanding of their survival and transport in soil and subsurface environments.
(5) When a subsurface barrier fails, the leachate enters the groundwater in a concentrated, narrow band which may bypass monitoring wells.
(6) Two clinically distinct lesions have been described in dental enamel: the erosion lesion, characterized by a dissolution of enamel from the surface; and the caries lesion, in which the enamel surface layer, accumulating fluoride, remains relatively intact, while the subsurface enamel dissolves.
(7) This indicates that these solutes have access to the silica subsurface amines during chromatography.
(8) The first specialization that we observed was the subsurface cistern, which appeared at five days and showed a significant increase both in frequency and in length throughout development.
(9) A brief increase in the ascorbic acid concentration in the rat cerebral cortex after intraventricular bilateral injection of 20 microliters of a 0.1% or 1% ascorbic acid solution and also intracisternal injection of 20 microliters of a 0.5% solution results in a prolonged (not less than 21 days) ultrastructural reorganization in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cortical neurons: the amount of lysosomes, polysomes, vesicles of the Golgi complex, and subsurface cisterns increases, this demonstrating an increasing RNA and protein synthesis, catabolic processes, and neuronal-glial interaction.
(10) The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis.
(11) They may be anchored to the isolated cortex through associations with the plasma membrane and with an extensive subsurface network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER).
(12) The exposed subsurface layer showed a fibrillar structure.
(13) Although the presence and activity of microorganisms in most subsurface environments are predictable, only recently have subsurface microbial populations in shallow subsurface zones been characterized.
(14) The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a degraded subsurface layer containing microcracks is produced in dental composites as a result of finishing procedures.
(15) Microorganisms are the predominant forms of life in the subsurface.
(16) The CSF-contacting neurons of all types are usually supplied with axo-somatic synapses on the perikaryon and subsurface cisternae are sometimes observed beneath the postsynaptic membrane.
(17) This material is always placed between the plasma membrane and the first layer of subsurface cisterns, but only in those areas along the lateral surface of the outer hair cell lining the spaces of Nuel.
(18) The Sn-release probably mainly originated from surface corrosion and Cu-release from subsurface corrosion.
(19) Over the past two decades, a number of models have been developed to describe the multiphase migration of organic chemicals in the subsurface.
(20) One of these proteins is associated with the virus "core"; the other is found in the "coat" fraction of the virion and appears to occupy an intermediary, subsurface position.