(1) Other findings like Ligula intestinalis, Azygia luccii and Piscicola geometra and the fragment of a pseudophyllidean enter the alimentary tract with the food and pass through it.
(2) Their distribution indicates 3 distinct major zones: the Qing Zang Gaoyuan is dominated by Ligula; the rest of China, with the exception of a crescent area in Guangdong Province bordering part of the southern coast down to Hainan Island, is dominated by Digramma; and a saddle-shaped corridor, north of 42 degrees N latitude, is characterized by a mix of both genera.
(3) Light and transmission electron microscopy of the strobila of a large old Ligula intestinalis plerocercoid has revealed microcrystals with a morphology similar to that of microapatite crystals from vertebrates.
(4) The tegument of Ligula intestinalis plerocercoids is delimited by a membrane complex that in electron microscopy appears heptalaminate.
(5) Examination of Bandicota bengalensis (8) and Suncus murinus (4) trapped in a feral biotope of a public park area of south Delhi revealed presence of the known scrub typhus vector Leptotrombidium (L.) deliense, the suspected vector Gahrliepia (S.) ligula and Gahrliepia (Walchia) sp.
(6) The following eight species were recorded: Monobothrium wageneri, Cyathocephalus truncatus, Triaenophorus nodulosus (plerocercoids and adults), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, B. claviceps, Ligula intestinalis (plerocercoids), Schistocephalus sp.
(7) Detailed analysis of the spottail shiner-Ligula host-parasite system revealed that the number of plerocercoids differed between years and among habitats but there was no statistically significant seasonal pattern; recruitment of new worms was highest in young fish and decreased with age, and infected spottails had reduced gonad development.
(8) Growth rate of females was unaffected by Ligula but somatic weight was slightly increased.
(9) Plerocercoids were most prevalent (5.3%) in spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius), the major fish host for Ligula in Dauphin Lake.
(10) Schizothoracinae are the primary hosts for Ligula, of which only Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii (Kessler) has economic value.
(11) The in vitro culture of S. solidus led to the development of successful in vitro techniques for Ligula intestinalis and for Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis.
(12) Analysis of host and parasite growth revealed that the soma of male spottails infected with Ligula weighed more but had a reduced growth rate.
(13) Adult Ligula intestinalis removed from the gut of the final host Anas platyrhnychos or obtained by in vitro transformation exhibited a single surface membrane and lacked double membrane vesicles.
(14) Incidence of L. deliense on B. bengalensis was higher (62.5 per cent) than on S. murinus (25.0 per cent), whereas IR of G. ligula was higher (50.0 per cent) on S. murinus than on B. bengalensis (25.0 per cent).
(15) Eighteen species of fishes were collected during the open water (1985-1987) and winter seasons (1985-1986) from Dauphin Lake, Manitoba, Canada (51 degrees 17'N, 99 degrees 48'W) and examined for plerocercoids of Ligula intestinalis (L.).
(16) In Tanzania the project also became active at obstetrical-gynecological clinics in the towns of Ligula and Mikidan.
(17) Some of the contradictions in the literature may be attributed to underestimated prevalence due to increased numbers of spawning fish in the spring, mixed age-classes of Ligula in separate age-classes of fish, and differential effects on growth due to infection in male versus female hosts.
(18) All enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are present in subcellular fractions of the plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis but the low activity of aconitase and malate dehydrogenase in the forward direction suggests that the complete cycle may be of questionable importance to the parasite.
Ligule
Definition:
(n.) The thin and scarious projection from the upper end of the sheath of a leaf of grass.
(n.) A strap-shaped corolla of flowers of Compositae.
(n.) A band of white matter in the wall of fourth ventricle of the brain.
Example Sentences:
(1) Therefore, lg1 mutant sectors not only fail to induce ligule and auricle, but are also disrupting some form of intercellular communication that is necessary for the normally coordinated development of the ligular region.
(2) The ligule and auricles separate the blade and sheath of normal maize leaves and are absent in liguleless-1 (lg1) mutant leaves.
(3) The Kn1-O mutation is characterized by outpocketings of tissue along lateral veins of the maize leaf and by displacement of ligule tissue from the junction of the blade and sheath into the blade.
(4) To establish which inner leaf layer was required for formation of knots and ectopic ligule we used a closely linked albino mutation to mark X-ray-induced clonal sectors of wild type (kn) tissue in Kn1 plants.
(5) Wild-type internal tissue in direct contact with lg1 epidermis appears able to induce the mutant epidermis to form a rudimentary ligule.
(6) The results indicate that the lg1 gene acts tissue specifically in an early step of ligule and auricle initiation.
(7) This establishes a distinct band of cells, from which the ligule arises via periclinal divisions.
(8) We also show that the ectopic ligule in Kn1 has contributions from both the adaxial epidermal and adaxial mesophyll layer.
(9) The anticlinal divisions preceding ligule formation are altered in the mutant; therefore, the gene acts early in development, before the periclinal divisions, and possibly during basipetal vascularization.
(10) During the second stage, ligule and auricle form, blade grows more rapidly than sheath, divisions in the blade become exclusively transverse in orientation, and differentiation begins.
(11) This pattern is particularly apparent in developing adult leaves on older lg1 plants, in which sporadic ligule vestiges form.
(12) Each mutant alters the position of the ligule boundary.
(13) In a normal maize leaf, a ligule and auricles separate the blade and sheath.
(14) 14), we conclude that the information carried by the Lg1+ gene product acts earlier in development than formation of the ligule proper.
(15) Mutants homozygous for the recessive liguleless-1 (lg1) allele exhibit loss of normal ligule and auricle.
(16) The ligule, a fringe normally found at the junction of leaf blade and sheath, is often displaced and perpendicular to its normal position.
(17) In genetically mosaic leaves, when an lg1 mutant sector interrupts the normal ligule, the ligule is often displaced basipetally on the marginal side of the sector.
(18) The maize leaf is composed of a blade and a sheath, which are separated at the ligular region by a ligule and an auricle.
(19) The recessive lg1 mutation prevents formation of ligules and auricles during leaf development.
(20) Second, the dominant mutants all move the ligule boundary in the same direction.