What's the difference between lobeline and powder?
Lobeline
Definition:
(n.) A poisonous narcotic alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) as a yellow oil, having a tobaccolike taste and odor.
Example Sentences:
(1) Additional experiments demonstrated that lobeline suppressed the conversion of exogenous progesterone to testosterone, but did not affect the conversion of exogenous 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to testosterone.
(2) Bath superfusion of nicotine or the nicotinic stimulants dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), lobeline, cytisine, tetramethylammonium or suberyldicholine (up to 100 microM) had little or no effect on the extracellular N-wave amplitude, or the membrane potential, input resistance or excitability of olfactory neurones recorded intracellularly.
(3) Interestingly, in the presence of the ganglionic stimulants DMPP (n = 6 slices) or lobeline (n = 5 slices) (10-50 microM), the effects of carbachol or oxotremorine-M were antagonized in a weak competitive-type manner (pA2 values = 5.58 and 5.63 respectively, estimated from Schild plots, constrained to unity slope).
(4) Although ineffective as stimulators of steroidogenesis by themselves, the three nicotinic receptor-selective agonists lobeline, dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP), and phenyltrimethylammonium iodide (PTMA) inhibited FSH-induced progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one production in dose-dependent fashions.
(5) Based on the concentrations in brain and known affinities for high-affinity nicotine binding sites, in vivo tests should show cytisine to be slightly more potent than nicotine and lobeline to have nicotine effects in the doses used.
(6) Lobeline inhibition of hCG-stimulated testosterone production was accompanied by decreases in medium accumulation of 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone (75%), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (85%), dehydroepiandrosterone (50%), and androstenedione (61%); however, the medium content of pregnenolone and progesterone were unchanged.
(7) In addition we found that (-)nicotine, (+)nicotine, and lobeline, but not the nicotine metabolite (-)cotinine nor acetylcholine, were able to displace [3H]dizocilpine ([3H]MK 801) binding in well-washed membranes obtained from rat brain.
(8) The lobeline sulphate seems to produce both in SEEG and hippocampus a shift toward low frequencies and in amygdala a drift toward high frequencies.
(9) Previous work has suggested that cytisine and lobeline are of low potency in producing nicotine-like behavioural effects, despite having some nicotine-like peripheral effects and potently inhibiting the binding of tritiated nicotine to the brain of the rat.
(10) Lobeline failed to produce a nicotine-like discriminative effect, even at doses that greatly reduced overall rates of responding.
(11) One of the most potent antagonists to nicotine was alpha-lobeline.
(12) Bilateral lesions of the paramedian reticular area of medulla destroying the PRN, abolished or reversed the depressor response to electrical stimulation of myelinated fibres of the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), attenuated the depressor response to carotid sinus stretch and augmented the pressor response to chemoreceptor stimulation by lobeline.
(13) Repeated administration of DMPP did not cause a tachphylaxis, however, lobeline and nicotine did induce a tachphylaxis.
(14) The N-cholinomimetic -- lobeline potentiates the evoked response of the brain cortex, whereas the N-cholinolytic -- beta-ethylene-splasmolytin -- depresses it.
(15) The rank order of inhibitory potencies was lobeline greater than DMPP greater than PTMA with IC50 values of 2 X 10(-6) M, 3 X 10(-5) M, and 3 X 10(-4) M, respectively.
(16) The pKa of (-)-lobeline HCl at 25 degrees C is 8.6 (approx), indicating that (-)-lobeline is at least 90% in the protonated form at physiological pH (7.6).
(17) The clastogenicity of lobeline and possible interactions between lobeline and ethyl alcohol were investigated in a mutagen-sensitivity assay on cultures of human lymphoblastoid cell lines.
(18) The effects of ethylketazocine (EKC) administered intraperitoneally and the nicotinic ligands (-)- and (+)-nicotine, (-)-cytisine, (-)-lobeline, and (+)-2-methylpiperidine administered into the 4th ventricle on the latency of the thermally evoked withdrawal reflex of the decerebrate rat were investigated.
(19) Lobeline administration induced an hyperpnea due to both an increase in tidal volume and respiratory rate; this increase in ventilation lasted for about 90 s and was accompanied by a sharp rise in the respiratory peak airflows, especially the expiratory ones.
(20) To determine whether this effect is elicited by other nicotinic agonists found in tobacco, the effects of chronic infusion with nicotine on brain nicotinic receptors were compared with those after anabasine and lobeline.
Powder
Definition:
(n.) The fine particles to which any dry substance is reduced by pounding, grinding, or triturating, or into which it falls by decay; dust.
(n.) An explosive mixture used in gunnery, blasting, etc.; gunpowder. See Gunpowder.
(v. t.) To reduce to fine particles; to pound, grind, or rub into a powder; to comminute; to pulverize; to triturate.
(v. t.) To sprinkle with powder, or as with powder; to be sprinkle; as, to powder the hair.
(v. t.) To sprinkle with salt; to corn, as meat.
(v. i.) To be reduced to powder; to become like powder; as, some salts powder easily.
(v. i.) To use powder on the hair or skin; as, she paints and powders.
Example Sentences:
(1) Sift the cocoa powder over the top and lightly but thoroughly fold it in with the metal spoon.
(2) Thus, enhancers are required to obtain significant nasal absorption of glucagon and calcitonin and powders and spray solutions did not differ in terms of systemic availability.
(3) On the other hand, immunofluorescence in anterior pituitary cells was faint and detected in only 2 of 28 patients with Graves' disease (7.1%) after absorption of their sera with rat liver aceton powder.
(4) High intensity ultrasound also enhances the heterogeneous catalysis of alkene hydrogenation by Ni powders.
(5) Rat heart acid acetone powder was subjected to ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose.
(6) The conformational similarity between tubules, sheets, and the dry powder is corroborated by calorimetry, which reveals a cooling exotherm at the same temperature where tubules form upon cooling hydrated sheets.
(7) Eight patients were seen within 15 minutes of intranasal self-administration of large amounts of pure D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) tartrate powder.
(8) As soon as the component with the lower mechanical stability is percolating the powder system, tablet hardness is controlled entirely by this component.
(9) During powder compaction on a Manesty Betapress, peak pressures, Pmax, are reached before the punches are vertically aligned with the centres of the upper and lower compression roll support pins.
(10) Plasma cholesterol concentrations in F1b-generation rats were elevated, but cocoa powder did not affect this parameter consistently across multiple generations.
(11) In a trial with rams, application of polyethylene powder (PE) as a marker for determination of feed passage rate through the digestive tract and three methods of its determination in feed and feces were tested.
(12) Physical and technological parameters of carfecillin powder and carfecillin with auxiliary substances in the form of the powder mixture and granulate were studied comparatively.
(13) Treatment animals had the anastomoses and graft sealed with a suspension of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and 1.2 g tobramycin powder (antibiotic glue, ANGL) after contamination.
(14) A suspension of 0.6 mg polyvinyl alcohol foam powder per milliliter of normal saline was found to be optimum.
(15) The allogenic implantation of demineralized bone powder induces the formation of new bone tissue or osteoneogenesis.
(16) The ICSAs were significantly absorbed with mouse islet cells but hardly absorbed with spleen cells or liver powder.
(17) Thus, with elution by either ATP or pyrophosphate, actin has been purified in one step from extracts of acetone-dried muscle powder.
(18) An analysis of variance of saliva levels and urinary excretion as well as an analysis of variance of peak concentration and the area under the curve from 0 to 24 hr for the saliva levels showed no significant difference between the powder and products, but a significant difference between subjects.
(19) In contact toxicity tests with water dispersible powder deposits on plywood, propoxur was highly active initially but lost its effectiveness after only a few weeks, whereas tetrachlorvinphos was less active initially but more persistent.
(20) Completely demineralized root powder was subjected to solutions of varying pH and ionic strength: (a) 0.1 M acetic acid, pH 4.0, (b) 0.1 M acetic acid + 0.15 M KCl, pH 4.0, (c) 0.1 M Hepes, pH 7.0 or to (d) 0.1 M Hepes + 0.15 M KCl, pH 7.0 at 37 degrees C. The surfaces of intact root specimens were exposed to 0.1 M acetic acid, pH 4.0 (which resulted in erosive lesions) or to 0.1 M lactic acid, 0.2 mM methane hydroxy diphosphonate, pH 5.0 (which produced subsurface lesions) at 37 degrees C. After incubation, the extracts were analysed for soluble collagen and the insoluble matrices were treated with trypsin at 15 degrees C to determine the denatured collagen.