What's the difference between lugworm and lungworm?
Lugworm
Definition:
(n.) A large marine annelid (Arenicola marina) having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back. It is found burrowing in sandy beaches, both in America and Europe, and is used for bait by European fishermen. Called also lobworm, and baitworm.
Example Sentences:
(1) Lugworms, Arenicola marina (L.), acclimatized at 16-17 degrees C, were acclimated at temperatures between 5.3 and 25.7 degrees C for 96 h. Whereas in vitro Arenicola blood behaves like a Rosenthal system, in vivo prebranchial blood does not: the higher the acclimation temperature, the lower the pHv and [HCO3]V, PVCO2, remaining practically constant.
(2) Glycogenic metabolism of the lugworm A. marina was studied in vivo by 13C-NMR spectroscopy using 13C-labelled glucose.
(3) Lugworm protease C further purified by benzamidine-affinity chromatography, exhibited peptidase specificity for arginyl and lysyl bonds.
(4) Four cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-activating activities, designated as A, B, C and D, were isolated from lugworm, Arenicola cristata, by preparative flat-bed isoelectric focusing.
(5) Oxygen consumption (MO2), haemoglobin oxygen saturation level (SVO2) and pH (pHv) in prebranchial blood were measured in lugworms experimentally confined in sea water at 15 degrees C. Total blood flow through the gills (Vb) was estimated.
(6) Lugworm GPase ab has shown a 2.4-fold higher specific activity as GPase b.
(7) 2) Freshly collected lugworms contained 3.5-3.8 mumol ATP, 0.8-1.0 mumol ADP, and 0.3-0.5 mumol AMP, as well as 4.5-4.7 mumol phosphotaurocyamine per g wet weight (energy charge 0.81-0.85).
(8) All the observed blood ABB variations reveal the complex intracellular processes through which the lugworm submitted to moderate osmotic shocks tentatively regulates, sometimes without any real success, its osmoticity and volume.
(9) Obviously, complementary physical, physiological and behavioral mechanisms allow the lugworm to live in sediments washed by almost fresh water during a 7-8 h 'low tide'.
(10) In the field, this phenomenon must occur at the beginning of high tide and must help to restore normal blood ABB in lugworms submitted to a moderate hyposmotic shock during low tide.
(11) Protein and iron concentrations and maximum combined oxygen concentration were measured in the blood of the lugworm Arenicola marina.
(12) Glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) from the body wall of the lugworm Arenicola marina (Annelida, Polychaeta) probably exists as a phospho-dephospho hybrid (GPase ab).
(13) The hybrid was identified by phosphorylation of purified lugworm GPase b (unphosphorylated form) with rabbit muscle GPase kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP.
(14) Lugworms were quite sensitive to the 1H-decoupling field used for obtaining the 13C(1H)-NMR spectra, especially at 11.7 T. Using bi-level composite-pulse decoupling and long relaxation delays, no tissue damage or stress-dependent phosphagen mobilization, as judged by 31P-NMR spectroscopy, was observed.
(15) On the other hand, in hypoxia lugworms the signal due to 13C-labelled glycogen decreased very rapidly proving a high turnover rate.
(16) The 13C of [1-13C]glucose, incorporated into glycogen, showed a very low turnover rate in normoxic lugworms as shown by two 13C(1H)-NMR spectra, one obtained 48 h after the other.
(17) Blood of the lugworm Arenicola marina studied in vitro behaved like a Rosenthal system: when temperature rose, pH decreased and PCO2 increased, whereas [HCO3] remained practically constant.
(18) This GPase ab produced by in vitro phosphorylation has shown similar dependences on AMP and caffeine as GPase extracted from the body wall of the lugworm.
(19) The kinetics of variations in the blood acid base balance (ABB) were investigated in a moderately euryhaline osmoconformer, the lugworm Arenicola marina (L.), exposed to natural and experimental hypo- or hyperosmotic shocks.
(20) Adenylate deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) from lugworm (Arenicola cristata) body-wall muscle was partially purified by extraction in KCl solutions and chromatography on phosphocellulose.
Lungworm
Definition:
(n.) Any one of several species of parasitic nematoid worms which infest the lungs and air passages of cattle, sheep, and other animals, often proving fatal. The lungworm of cattle (Strongylus micrurus) and that of sheep (S. filaria) are the best known.
Example Sentences:
(1) An explanation of this in terms of terrestrial snail (intermediate host) populations and a suggestion for the possible use of these data in developing a predictive model for forecasting lungworm levels for use in in bighorn sheep management are given.
(2) From 13 weeks of age five calves received a dose of 640 infective larvae (L3) of lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) twice weekly for 8 weeks to simulate continuous infection.
(3) The group receiving the combination of both species differed significantly from the other groups, the establishment of the lungworms being 177%, and the faecal excretion of larvae being 325% of that of the other groups.
(4) The calves given ivermectin excreted no lungworm larvae and remained free of clinical parasitism throughout the trial.
(5) The activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in calves was monitored during two different regimens of lungworm infection.
(6) These nematodes were identified as filaroides milksi, Whitlock, 1956, a lungworm of dogs which has not been reported in Europe previously.
(7) Three of 4 calves that died of lungworm infection during the pasture-exposure period were necropsied.
(8) The observations of both years emphasised the importance of overwintered lungworm larvae as a source of disease.
(9) Features of the epizootic included (1) infection of all herds within one geographic location, during a short period; (2) no obvious introduction of virus from the outside in most herds; (3) epizootics mainly in herds with serologic history of infection; (4) no evidence that lungworms were involved; and (5) little clinical disease associated with infection.
(10) Similar signs were also observed after infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus, but the signs were more acute and resolved more rapidly than in animals infected with lungworm larvae.
(11) These results cannot be explained by the lungworm hypothesis proposed by R. E. Shope for the survival and transmission of swine influenzavirus.
(12) In contrast to lungworm, the results indicate a clear and predictable seasonal pattern for gastrointestinal helminth infections.
(13) Twenty male Holstein calves averaging 105 kg in weight and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and small numbers of lungworm and hookworm, were given experimental infections with the two latter species to provide adult and larval stages for anthelmintic evaluation.
(14) The presence of these numbers of lungworms did not appear to be sufficient to precipitate lungworm pneumonia in bighorn lambs under the conditions of this study.
(15) Crude adult worm antigen of Dictyocaulus viviparus was examined for specific antigens by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using sera from cattle experimentally infected with D. viviparus, vaccinated with a normal or a reduced dosage of the commercial lungworm vaccine, and helminth-free cattle.
(16) Under the conditions of the experiment, the effect of 6000 infective lungworm larvae on weight gain was larger than the effect of 100,000 L3 of Ostertagia ostertagi and 100,000 L3 of Cooperia oncophora.
(17) Despite the heavy challenge with lungworm larvae experienced by the grazing calves in the first year those vaccinated with lungworm vaccine survived, their clinical signs were mild and of short duration and their faecal larval output was greatly reduced.
(18) Dehelminthization practices during three years were more successful as to lowering of incidence of lungworm infections of D. filaria and P. kochi than in gastrointestinal nematodes.
(19) A survey to assess the prevalence of parasitic infections among axis deer (Cervus axis) in three National Parks in India revealed infections with the lungworm Muellerius capillaris.
(20) The main parasites that caused death were Entamoeba spp and lungworms.