(n.) One of the very small invisible particles of which all matter is supposed to consist.
(n.) The smallest part of any substance which possesses the characteristic properties and qualities of that substance, and which can exist alone in a free state.
(n.) A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as, a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom.
Example Sentences:
(1) A series of human cDNA clones of various sizes and relative localizations to the mRNA molecule were isolated by using the human p53-H14 (2.35-kilobase) cDNA probe which we previously cloned.
(2) Glucocorticoids have numerous effects some of which are permissive; steroids are thus important not only for what they do, but also for what they permit or enable other hormones and signal molecules to do.
(3) The results demonstrated that K2PtCl4 was bound to a greater degree than CDDP in this system with 3-5 and 1-2 platinum atoms respectively, bound per transferrin molecule.
(4) Complementarity determining regions (CDR) are conserved to different extents, with the first CDR region in all family members being among the most conserved segments of the molecule.
(5) Even with hepatic lipase, phospholipid hydrolysis could not deplete VLDL and IDL of sufficient phospholipid molecules to account for the loss of surface phospholipid that accompanies triacylglycerol hydrolysis and decreasing core volume as LDL is formed (or for conversion of HDL2 to HDL3).
(6) However, the presence of these two molecules was restored if testosterone was supplemented immediately after orchiectomy.
(7) In the second approach, attachment sites of DTPA groups were directed away from the active region of the molecule by having fragment E1,2 bound in complex, with its active sites protected during the derivatization.
(8) PMNs could be primed for PMA-triggered oxidative burst by muramyl peptide molecules (MDP) and two of its adjuvant active nonpyrogenic derivatives.
(9) These same molecules may be equally responsible for the pathologic characteristics of the immune response seen, for example, in inflammatory bowel diseases.
(10) A cDNA library prepared from human placenta has been screened for sequences coding for factor XIIIa, the enzymatically active subunit of the factor XIII complex that stabilizes blood clots through crosslinking of fibrin molecules.
(11) T cell costimulation by molecules on the antigen presenting cell (APC) is required for optimal T cell proliferation.
(12) The lipid A moiety was shown to be responsible for this novel biological activity of the LPS molecule.
(13) Both systems indicated that the Kupffer cell modified endotoxin by enriching the lipid content of the molecule and shortening the length of the O-antigen.
(14) Photoreactions induced in that proper sensitizer molecules absorb UV-light or visible light.
(15) At 100 microM-ACh the apparent open time became shorter probably due to channel blockade by ACh molecules.
(16) Flow cytofluorometric analysis of the strain distribution of the molecules defined by the mAb revealed that two of the antibodies (I-22 and III-5) were directed against nonpolymorphic determinants of Thy-1, whereas V-8 mAb reacted only with Thy-1.2+ lymphocytes.
(17) At a fixed concentration of nucleotide the effectiveness of elution was proportional to the charge on the eluting molecule.
(18) The relative rates of reduction of several spin-labeled molecules that partition differently across the hy-drophobic-interface of inner membranes from rat liver mitochondria were investigated.
(19) The seve polypeptide chains investigated had generalyy similar properties; all contained two residues per molecule of tryptophan and N-acetylserine was the common N-terminal amino acid residue.
(20) Much information has accumulated on the isolation and characterization of a heterogeneous group of molecules that inhibit one or more of the bioactivities of interleukin 1.
Tetroxide
Definition:
(n.) An oxide having four atoms of oxygen in the molecule; a quadroxide; as, osmium tetroxide, OsO/.
Example Sentences:
(1) Effects of fixation with glutaraldehyde (GA), glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide (GA-OsO(4)), and osmium tetroxide (OsO(4)) on ion and ATP content, cell volume, vital dye staining, and stability to mechanical and thermal stress were studied in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC).
(2) The renal tissue was fixed with a mixture of buffered picric acid-paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde and immunostained with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for the electron microscope with the following steps: antikallikrein antiserum, anti-IgG serum, peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex, 3-3' diaminobenzidine-H2O2, and post-staining with osmium tetroxide.
(3) It was also found that tritium release also occurred, although to a lesser extent, when tissues were fixed in glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide using collidine as a buffer, and this release was not significant when collidine was applied to previously fixed tissues.
(4) In accordance with the physiological experiments, electronopaque pyroantimonate precipitate containing calcium was found in the lumina of caveolae, but not in any intracellular structures close to the plasma membrane, when the relaxed fibers were fixed in a 1% osmium tetroxide solution containing 2% potassium pyroantimonate.
(5) The addition of oxalate to a suspension of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils before fixation with glutaraldehyde and postfixation with osmium tetroxide-antimonate greatly enhanced the amount of calcium antimonate precipitate subsequently detectable with the electron microscope.
(6) Intravascular fat in tissue postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in epoxy or paraffin, and stained with toluidine blue, hematoxylin, or Oil Red O is more easily visualized than in frozen tissue that is stained with Oil Red O.
(7) Mitotic cells were selectively removed from the cultures with 0.2 per cent trypsin and fixed in either osmium tetroxide or glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide.
(8) Glutaraldehyde-fixed testes were stained "en bloc" with the Ur-Pb-Cu technique of Thiéry and Rambourg ('76) or post-fixed and stained with the osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide method of Karnovsky ('71).
(9) Insertion of 28 alternating AT residues at the EcoRV site of pBR322 generates an site hypersensitive to osmium tetroxide modification, that does not serve as a transcription start site.
(10) The osmium tetroxide fixation technique was used for determination of cell size and number.
(11) It uses carbohydrazide as an osmium bridging agent and both osmium tetroxide and uranyl acetate as electron staining agents.
(12) Parallel microsamples were fixed with osmium tetroxide and with glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide as previously used in this laboratory for the preservation of energy-linked mitochondrial configurations.
(13) A combination of 2% osmium tetroxide-2% uranyl acetate or 2% gallic acid alone resulted in optimum fixation as ascertained by least extraction of radiolabels.
(14) The optic nerves of common goldfish acclimated to 5 and 25 degrees C were fixed with glutaraldehyde in either phosphate buffer or PIPES with EGTA, post-fixed with osmium tetroxide, and examined by electron microscopy.
(15) 7.5% PVP was included in all steps in the procedure before post-fixaiton in osmium tetroxide.
(16) It was recently reported that sequential block staining of tissue with ferrocyanide-reduced osmium tetroxide and lead aspartate produced excellent contrast for EM autoradiography, with sections relatively free of lead precipitate.
(17) Acute exposure to monomethylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide, the principal toxic irritants in rocket fuels, is described with particular attention to the development of pulmonary edema as a herbinger of more severe central nervous system toxicity.
(18) The blood cells were subsequently postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in epoxy resins, and studied by electron microscopy.
(19) The preparations were exposed to acetylcholine (ACh 1X10(-6) M), rapidly fixed at various functional states with 1% osmium tetroxide in 2% potassium antimonate and inspected with electron microscope.
(20) The gas was identified as a mixture of nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide.