(1) The four hosts (Mollusc -- Crustacean -- Odonat -- Amphibian) are obligatory in the life cycle for it is impossible to infect the Insects directly with the cecariae or the frog (tadpoles as well as adults) with the mesocercariae.
(2) A newly developed method of internal dialysis was applied together with the voltage clamp method to the isolated neurons of molluscs Helix pomatia and Limnea stagnalis.
(3) We have demonstrated that M. edulis, a marine bivalve mollusc, reacts to the vertebrate monokines interleukin-1, -6 and TNF.
(4) On the other hand, the major arsenic compound in fish, crustacea and molluscs has been identified as arsenobetaine, which is an arseno-analog of glycinebetaine, a very common osmo-regulator in living organisms.
(5) The microsporidia are a group of unusual, obligately parasitic protists that infect a great variety of other eukaryotes, including vertebrates, arthropods, molluscs, annelids, nematodes, cnidaria and even various ciliates, myxosporidia and gregarines.
(6) Natural crystals of ferritin occurring in the yolk platelets of a mollusc oocyte were studied.
(7) Sensory neurons of the photic pathway in the nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis are cholinergic and the synaptic interactions between the photic and vestibular systems have been well characterized electrophysiologically.
(8) Whatever the type of TM-NTM association (lasting association, during prepatent period and production period, association only during the exposure of the molluscs to the miracidia), the presence of NTM involved a significant increase of S. mansoni cercarial production.
(9) It was demonstrated earlier that PAF-positive cells located in the gut epithelium of the same molluscs show immunostaining with mammalian anti-insulin serum which indicates the production of insulin or insulin-like substance.
(10) The fluorescent dye 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (5-CF) travels quickly up the nerves of the gastropod mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis into the buccal ganglia and fills the cell bodies in 1-3 h. 5-CF filled neurones can be located in the intact ganglia with low intensity blue light.
(11) Recently, such a developmental strategy has been used to investigate the functional assembly of different forms of non-associative learning (habituation, dishabituation and sensitization) in the marine mollusc Aplysia.
(12) Habituation, one of the simplest behavioral paradigms for studying memory, has recently been examined on the cellular level in the gill-withdrawal reflex in the mollusc Aplysia and in the escape response in cray-fish.
(13) The anti-G beta, gamma antibodies recognized a 35-36-kDa protein in brain of vertebrates such as mammals (rat), avians (pigeon), amphibians (frog), fish (trout), and reptiles (turtle) but not in the invertebrates such as molluscs (snail) and insects (locust).
(14) We have studied the effects of dopamine on the gill withdrawal reflex evoked by tactile siphon stimulation in the margine mollusc Aplysia.
(15) It seems that most mollusc infections occur in February-March and at the end of summer-beginning of autumn periods.
(16) The development of microparticulate food particles for marine suspension-feeders is discussed with respect to the difficulties of nutrient delivery in the aquatic environment and to feeding and digestion in crustacea and bivalve molluscs.
(17) The structure and function of the digestive gland of the gastropod mollusc, Bithynia tentaculata, was investigated using ultrastructural, histochemical, and cytochemical techniques.
(18) The bag cells of the marine mollusc Aplysia are well-characterized neuroendocrine cells that initiate egg laying, but the natural stimulus triggering bag-cell activity has not been determined.
(19) Immunochemically, the major common epitope expressed by the neutral fraction glycolipids of the 3 taeniid species is the same or very similar to the glycosphingolipid, neogalatriaosyl ceramide derived from the marine mollusc Turbo cornutus (Gal(beta 1-6) Gal(beta 1-6) Gal(beta 1-1)Cer).
(20) Pharmacologic activation of endogenous protein kinase C (PKC) together with elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ level was previously shown to cause reduction of two voltage-dependent K+ currents (IA and ICa2+-K+) across the soma membrane of the type B photoreceptor within the eye of the mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis.
Proboscis
Definition:
(n.) A hollow organ or tube attached to the head, or connected with the mouth, of various animals, and generally used in taking food or drink; a snout; a trunk.
(n.) By extension, applied to various tubelike mouth organs of the lower animals that can be everted or protruded.
(n.) The nose.
Example Sentences:
(1) New structures reported are mesoboscis retractor muscles, the formation of 3 ligament strands from the proboscis retractor muscles, a teloboscis inflator muscle, and conduit through the protrusor muscle sheath.
(2) Facial features that were identified included a proboscis (three cases), midline facial cleft (three cases), and hypotelorism (five cases).
(3) Carbon-tetrachloride was used to maintain the proper positions of the proboscis and the labella rendering a better view of the fine structures.
(4) After ingesting even a small amount of sucrose, the fly begins making frequent, tight turns, flexes its front tarsi to bring more chemosensory hairs into contact with the substrate and repeatedly extends and retracts its proboscis.
(5) The presence of the stimulant factor was established by forcing gravid females to touch the testing water with tarsi and proboscis.
(6) External nares and nasal passageways, albeit blind-ended, were prominent in the proboscis.
(7) The new genus most closely resembles the genus Acanthocephalus; it differs from this genus in having a distinctive pear-shaped proboscis, a long neck, and hooks which abruptly differ in size.
(8) When an Aedes aegypti mosquito bites you, she – because only the females, which need blood as nutrients for their offspring, bite – will probe your skin with her proboscis as many as 20 times.
(9) had penetrated with their proboscis deeply into the tunica muscularis.
(10) There they seem able to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable external conditions and accordingly they will either leave the proboscis completely or retract into the labium.
(11) Parallel studies were carried out to assess the effects of the two drugs on fly feeding behavior, measured as mean acceptance threshold: the minimum sucrose concentration to which the average fly in a population will respond by proboscis extension when its tarsi contact the solution.
(12) Because of their simplicity and potentially low cost, the techniques described here would be appealing for screening large numbers of tsetse samples from the field for the presence of any trypanosome residing in the guts or proboscis of the vector.
(13) Habituation of the proboscis extension response induced by sugar tarsal stimulation was individually studied in males of Drosophila melanogaster all along the adult life span (2-71 days of age at 25 degrees C).
(14) Vital dye marking experiments also indicate that the entire marginal zone maps to the prominent proboscis that is composed of chordamesoderm and represents the long axis of the embryo.
(15) The response was quantified by recording extracellularly from a muscle involved in proboscis movement, by measuring the duration of the proboscis extension, or by determining the number of trials necessary to abolish any visible response.
(16) Proboscis lateralis is a rare craniofacial malformation.
(17) The pharmacology of adult Phormia regina (Meigen) feeding behavior was explored by injecting candidate drugs into starved blowflies and then determining their responsiveness to aqueous sucrose, via the proboscis extension reflex.
(18) Around the oral parts of the tick an infiltration of collagenous fibres of the connective tissue is formed, which serves for a more firm attachment of the parasite, while beneath the proboscis a light band is formed from which the tick sucks the food substratum.
(19) The cyclopia associated with the medial proboscis suggests that both the telencephalon and diencephalon are dysplastic.
(20) The giant Amazon leech Haementeria ghilianii feeds by inserting an exceedingly long tubular proboscis (up to 10 cm) deep into its mammalian host.