What's the difference between nicotine and smoking?
Nicotine
Definition:
(n.) An alkaloid which is the active principle of tobacco. It is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid, having an acrid odor, and an acrid burning taste. It is intensely poisonous.
Example Sentences:
(1) testosterone, fentanyl, nicotine) may ultimately be administered in this way, important questions pertaining to pharmacology (tolerance), toxicity (irritation, sensitisation) and dose sufficiency (penetration enhancement) remain.
(2) The effect of the peptides on carbachol-induced 22Na+ flux into BC3H-1 cells, which contain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on their surfaces, was measured.
(3) The compounds 1-3 in reaction with nicotine aldehyde or p-chlorobenzaldehyde were transformed into appropriate anilides of 2,3-epoxypropionic acid 4-9.
(4) The data suggest that the hypothalamic beta-E containing neurons were unable to adapt to nicotine's repeated effects on this system.
(5) The marine natural product lophotoxin has produced a non-reversible antagonism of parasympathetic and sympathetic functions that are known to be mediated by C6 sub-type nicotinic receptors.
(6) Stuart Forman and Keith Miller describe the physiological, biophysical and molecular biological evidence pointing to the location of a discrete allosteric site on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at which local anesthetics act.
(7) These impairments were seen in animals of both sexes, a finding which challenges the view that only females prenatally treated with nicotine show deficits in maze learning.
(8) Treatment with oxotremorine caused down-regulation of muscarinic receptors, while treatment with nicotine caused up-regulation of nicotinic receptors.
(9) Twelve young male smokers each participated in four conditions on 4 separate days: stress + nicotine, stress + placebo (stress alone), rest + nicotine (nicotine alone), and rest + placebo.
(10) More recently, it has been reported that individuals strongly reactive to psychological stress are also strongly reactive to nicotine.
(11) The beneficial effect of nicotine has been seen after both acute and chronic administration.
(12) At a concentration of 10 microM, tetraamine 4 did not affect histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors of guinea pig ileum or alpha-adrenoreceptors of guinea pig atria whereas it inhibited postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of rat vas deferens with a -log K value of 5.23 and nicotinic receptors of frog rectus abdominis with an IC50 value of 0.23 microM.
(13) With an 80% carbohydrate diet, the rate of catabolism from the plasma compartment rose by a mean of 39.1%; with nicotinic acid treatment, it fell by 42.2%.
(14) The inhibitory action of nicotine on plasma extravasation may contribute, in part, to the reported increased severity of arthritis in individuals who smoke.
(15) The inhibitory response was not decreased by treatment with atropine, hexamethonium, yohimbine or naloxone, suggesting that muscarinic, nicotinic, alpha 2 adrenergic or opiate receptors were not being stimulated.
(16) Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) and nicotine were established for pairs of tissues with and without epithelium, each pair receiving only one dose of nicotine.
(17) The effect of nicotine on the nervous system during rapid smoking of two calibrated cigarettes was measured in twenty subjects: light, medium, heavy and non-smokers, across the changes of a number of electrophysiological variables and in different situations.
(18) Tremors induced by chemical agents (nicotine, zinc and tremorine) were markedly inhibited by HA-966.
(19) Magnesium (Mg) deficiency, nicotine, and high dietary cholesterol are contributing factors that accentuate adverse effects of vitamin D.
(20) Orthodromic action potentials were initiated by excitatory postsynaptic potentials and mediated by nicotinic receptors.
Smoking
Definition:
(p. pr. & vb n.) of Smoke
() a. & n. from Smoke.
Example Sentences:
(1) The prenatal risk determined by smoking pregnant woman was studied by a fetal electrocardiogram at different gestational ages.
(2) Children of smoking mothers had an 18.0 per cent cumulative incidence of post-infancy wheezing through 10 years of age, compared with 16.2 per cent among children of nonsmoking mothers (risk ratio 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.21).
(3) They spend about 4.3 minutes of each working hour on a smoking break, the study shows.
(4) No associations were found between sex, body-weight, smoking habits, age, urine volume or urine pH and the O-demethylation of codeine.
(5) A commensurate rise in both smoking and adenocarcinoma has occurred in the Far East where the incidence rate (40%) is twice that of North America or Europe.
(6) In addition, control experiments with naloxone, ethanol, or cigarette smoking alone were performed.
(7) Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration were measured before and during submaximal exercise in 10 male monozygotic twin pairs who were discordant for smoking.
(8) The results indicated that smoke, as opposed to sham puffs, significantly reduced reports of cigarette craving, and local anesthesia significantly blocked this immediate reduction in craving produced by smoke inhalation.
(9) This study examines the extent to which changes in smoking can account for the decrease in CHD mortality for men and women aged 35-64 years.
(10) However, as all subjects had normal hearing and maximum speech discrimination scores pre-smoking, it can only be concluded that smoking marihuana did not worsen the hearing--the experiments were not designed to see whether it would improve hearing.
(11) Further analysis of these changes according to smoking history, age, preoperative weight, dissection of IMA, and aortic cross-clamp time showed that only IMA dissection affected the postextubation changes in peak expiratory flow rate (p less than 0.0001), whereas the decreases in functional residual capacity and expiratory reserve volume at discharge were affected by IMA dissection (p less than 0.05) and age (p = 0.01).
(12) It has been speculated that these cigarette smoke-induced alterations contribute to the depressed pulmonary defense mechanisms commonly demonstrated in smokers.
(13) We ganged up against the tweed-suited, pipe-smoking brigade.
(14) The history of tobacco production and marketing is sketched, and the literature on chronic diseases related to smoking is summarized for the Pacific region.
(15) Exposure to whole cigarette smoke from reference cigarettes results in the prompt (peak activity is 6 hrs), but fairly weak (similar to 2 fold), induction of murine pulmonary microsomal monooxygenase activity.
(16) The authors compared the prevalence of atopy in 103 patients with lung cancer (a model of mucosal cancer), 51 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease matched for age, sex, and smoking habits with patients with lung cancer, and 102 healthy control subjects.
(17) Possible explanations of the clinical gains include 1) psychological encouragement, 2) improvements of mechanical efficiency, 3) restoration of cardiovascular fitness, thus breaking a vicous circle of dyspnoea, inactivity and worsening dyspnoea, 4) strengthening of the body musculature, thus reducing the proportion of anaerobic work, 5) biochemical adaptations reducing glycolysis in the active tissues, and 6) indirect responses to such factors as group support, with advice on smoking habits, breathing patterns and bronchial hygiene.
(18) There are many factors influencing these students to start smoking.
(19) Adjustment for possible mechanisms correlated with social class (marital status, smoking, time of first antenatal visit) decreased the higher occurrence of low birthweight infants in the low educational groups.
(20) These results suggest that weight change during smoking reduction and cessation may be primarily due to changes in factors other than caloric intake or activity.