(n.) An alkaloid which is the active principle of tobacco. It is a colorless, transparent, oily liquid, having an acrid odor, and an acrid burning taste. It is intensely poisonous.
Example Sentences:
(1) testosterone, fentanyl, nicotine) may ultimately be administered in this way, important questions pertaining to pharmacology (tolerance), toxicity (irritation, sensitisation) and dose sufficiency (penetration enhancement) remain.
(2) The effect of the peptides on carbachol-induced 22Na+ flux into BC3H-1 cells, which contain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on their surfaces, was measured.
(3) The compounds 1-3 in reaction with nicotine aldehyde or p-chlorobenzaldehyde were transformed into appropriate anilides of 2,3-epoxypropionic acid 4-9.
(4) The data suggest that the hypothalamic beta-E containing neurons were unable to adapt to nicotine's repeated effects on this system.
(5) The marine natural product lophotoxin has produced a non-reversible antagonism of parasympathetic and sympathetic functions that are known to be mediated by C6 sub-type nicotinic receptors.
(6) Stuart Forman and Keith Miller describe the physiological, biophysical and molecular biological evidence pointing to the location of a discrete allosteric site on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at which local anesthetics act.
(7) These impairments were seen in animals of both sexes, a finding which challenges the view that only females prenatally treated with nicotine show deficits in maze learning.
(8) Treatment with oxotremorine caused down-regulation of muscarinic receptors, while treatment with nicotine caused up-regulation of nicotinic receptors.
(9) Twelve young male smokers each participated in four conditions on 4 separate days: stress + nicotine, stress + placebo (stress alone), rest + nicotine (nicotine alone), and rest + placebo.
(10) More recently, it has been reported that individuals strongly reactive to psychological stress are also strongly reactive to nicotine.
(11) The beneficial effect of nicotine has been seen after both acute and chronic administration.
(12) At a concentration of 10 microM, tetraamine 4 did not affect histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors of guinea pig ileum or alpha-adrenoreceptors of guinea pig atria whereas it inhibited postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of rat vas deferens with a -log K value of 5.23 and nicotinic receptors of frog rectus abdominis with an IC50 value of 0.23 microM.
(13) With an 80% carbohydrate diet, the rate of catabolism from the plasma compartment rose by a mean of 39.1%; with nicotinic acid treatment, it fell by 42.2%.
(14) The inhibitory action of nicotine on plasma extravasation may contribute, in part, to the reported increased severity of arthritis in individuals who smoke.
(15) The inhibitory response was not decreased by treatment with atropine, hexamethonium, yohimbine or naloxone, suggesting that muscarinic, nicotinic, alpha 2 adrenergic or opiate receptors were not being stimulated.
(16) Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) and nicotine were established for pairs of tissues with and without epithelium, each pair receiving only one dose of nicotine.
(17) The effect of nicotine on the nervous system during rapid smoking of two calibrated cigarettes was measured in twenty subjects: light, medium, heavy and non-smokers, across the changes of a number of electrophysiological variables and in different situations.
(18) Tremors induced by chemical agents (nicotine, zinc and tremorine) were markedly inhibited by HA-966.
(19) Magnesium (Mg) deficiency, nicotine, and high dietary cholesterol are contributing factors that accentuate adverse effects of vitamin D.
(20) Orthodromic action potentials were initiated by excitatory postsynaptic potentials and mediated by nicotinic receptors.
Toxic
Definition:
(a.) Alt. of Toxical
Example Sentences:
(1) This suggested that the chemical effects produced by shock waves were either absent or attenuated in the cells, or were inherently less toxic than those of ionizing irradiation.
(2) Theophylline kinetics, as an in vivo probe for the potentially toxic cytochrome P-450I pathway of drug metabolism, were studied in 11 healthy volunteers and 11 patients with calcific chronic pancreatitis at Madras, South India.
(3) Treatment termination due to lack of efficacy or combined insufficient therapeutic response and toxicity proved to be influenced by the initial disease activity and by the rank order of prescription.
(4) Although Jeggo's Chinese hamster ovary cells were more responsive to mAMSA, novo still abrogated mAMSA toxicity in the mutant cells as well as in the parental Chinese hamster ovary cells 2,4-Dinitrophenol acted similarly to novo with respect to mAMSA killing, but neither compound reduced the ATP content of V79 cells.
(5) The pancreatic changes are unlikely to be an artefact, but rather a direct toxic effect of the alcohol as confirmed by the biochemical changes.
(6) Results suggest that Cd-MT is reabsorbed and broken down by kidney tubule cells in a physiological manner with possible subsequent release of the toxic cadmium ion.
(7) Previous studies have not evaluated the potential for oxygen toxicity at 9.5 psia.
(8) They more precisely delineate the hazard identification process and the factors important in supporting risk decisions for developmental toxicants than does any other document.
(9) Accidentally discovered nearly 40 years ago as the first true antidepressants, the MAOIs soon fell into disfavor due to concerns about toxicity and seemingly lesser efficacy compared with the newer tricyclic compounds.
(10) The results confirm studies performed in our laboratory on cytotoxicity and on functional membrane proteins of fungal and mammalian cells [1,2], suggesting a common mechanism of toxicity by the action of hydrophobic xenobiotics on biomembranes.
(11) testosterone, fentanyl, nicotine) may ultimately be administered in this way, important questions pertaining to pharmacology (tolerance), toxicity (irritation, sensitisation) and dose sufficiency (penetration enhancement) remain.
(12) None of the compounds proved active against the replication of retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus, murine sarcoma virus) at concentrations that were not toxic to the host cells.
(13) It was shown that the antibiotic had low acute toxicity, did not cumulate and had no skin-irritating effect.
(14) Diminished CMD was most common with AR (7 of 12) but was also seen with acute tubular necrosis (2 of 6) and cyclosporin toxicity (2 of 3).
(15) Histopathological studies confirmed that mice fed 933cu-rev died from bilateral renal cortical tubular necrosis consistent with toxic insult, perhaps due to Shiga-like toxins.
(16) Research must continue to determine the optimal regimen that suppresses testosterone activity with the least amount of toxicity.
(17) In South Africa, health risks associated with exposure to toxic waste sites need to be viewed in the context of current community health concerns, competing causes of disease and ill-health, and the relative lack of knowledge about environmental contamination and associated health effects.
(18) Analysis of 156 records relating to patients at the age of 15 to 85 years with extended purulent peritonitis of the surgical and gynecological genesis (the toxic phase, VI category ASA) showed that combination of programmed sanitation laparotomy and intensive antibacterial therapy performed as short-term courses before, during and after the operation with an account of the information on the nature of the microbial associations and antibioticograms was an efficient procedure in treatment of severe peritonitis.
(19) Treatment was monitored by simple measurements, and it's toxicity proved to be scanty.
(20) And adding to this toxic mix, was the fear that the hung parliament would lead to a weak government.