What's the difference between oxalate and whewellite?
Oxalate
Definition:
(n.) A salt of oxalic acid.
Example Sentences:
(1) It was found that the initial rate of [14C]oxalate absorption is rapid (6.5 per cent per min), and that after 5 min the rate of absorption decreases to about 0.6 per cent per min.
(2) Possible reasons for the previous discrepancies between direct and isotopic methods are discussed, as are the effects of protein binding, sample handling, and storage conditions on oxalate values in plasma.
(3) The blockage of the tubular system by the calcium oxalate deposits leads to a temporary reversible increase in serum urea and serum creatinine.
(4) The differences in the amounts of rapidly releasable calcium were attributed to different kinetics of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate dissolution.
(5) Cholestyramine known to reduce oxalate excretion in hyperuxaluria associated with ileal resection did not directly affect absorption of oxalic acid, but decreased the enhanced absorption of oxalic acid induced by bile acids.
(6) Cellulose phosphate greatly reduced phosphate crystals but resulted in a large increase in small oxalate crystals but without change in the incidence of aggregation of oxalate crystals.
(7) Excretion of oxalic acid in urine was measured in 28 healthy and 97 patients with gastrointestinal diseases.
(8) This sensor has been used in flow injection to determine oxalate, alkylamines, and NADH.
(9) The addition of oxalate to a suspension of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils before fixation with glutaraldehyde and postfixation with osmium tetroxide-antimonate greatly enhanced the amount of calcium antimonate precipitate subsequently detectable with the electron microscope.
(10) This study indicates that NaF can inhibit renal stone formation induced by EG by decreasing oxalate synthesis and urinary oxalate excretion, and suggests a possible clinical therapeutic value of NaF in the prevention of oxalate kidney stones.
(11) Absorption of calcium from intrinsically labeled Ca oxalate was measured in 18 normal women and compared with absorption of Ca from milk in these same subjects, both when the test substances were ingested in separate meals and when ingested together.
(12) The odds that uroliths submitted for analysis were composed of calcium oxalate was 2 times greater for Miniature Schnauzers than for dogs of other breeds (95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 2.4).
(13) The inhibiting activity of CaOx crystal growth and the most widely accepted inhibitors (glycosaminoglycans, citrate, magnesium, pyrophosphate), stone constituents (calcium, oxalate, phosphate, urate) and other normal urinary substances were evaluated.
(14) On histologic examination, the flecks were found to be due to intracellular accumulation of calcium oxalate in the RPE cells.
(15) X-ray spectroscopy and histochemistry demonstrated that the crystals contained mainly calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate and thus represented products of cellular metabolism.
(16) To explain the opposite effects of GTP in the absence and presence of oxalate, it is proposed that GTP activates a transmembrane conveyance of Ca2+ between oxalate-permeable and -impermeable compartments.
(17) The rapid clearance of ethylene glycol from the blood during hemodialysis is noted and the use of ethyl alcohol to block metabolic conversion of ethylene glycol to oxalic acid, which is also a toxin, is described.
(18) Patients had higher basal urinary oxalate levels than normal subjects.
(19) Such data suggest the presence of an overall neutral oxalate self-exchange, independent of common cations or anions.
(20) In contrast to concentrative cellular uptake demonstrated in rat renal cortical slices in vitro, intracellular accumulation of 14C-oxalate could not be detected in vivo.
Whewellite
Definition:
(n.) Calcium oxalate, occurring in colorless or white monoclinic crystals.
Example Sentences:
(1) A large number of trace elements has been found in calcium stones (whewellite, weddellite, and apatite) and in struvite.
(2) These included diverse mono-, di- and trimineral stones, spontaneously excreted and surgically removed whewellite and weddellite calculi.
(3) The technique involves determining the surface elemental (hence chemical) composition of fractured whewellite stones.
(4) Calcium oxalate stones more often showed a whewellite texture (Type 2) and a less frequent occurrence of weddellite (Type 4) as compared to the control groups.
(5) The investigation of the degree of interpenetration between the two component phases of whewellite kidney stones, the protein matrix and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystallites, is extended by a technique of microchemical analysis, employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
(6) In solution a sequential series of phase transitions according to the steps calcium oxalate trihydrate-weddellite-whewellite is not likely to be energetically favoured; direct conversion of calcium oxalate trihydrate to whewellite should be, instead, ordinarily expected.
(7) SEM examination revealed structures similar to human stones such as bipyramidal weddellite, pseudomorphs from whewellite to weddellite, apatite deposits in cystine stones and characteristic mono-ammonium-urate needles.
(8) As transformation products are found fine-grained polycrystalline as well as due to recrystallisation larger monocrystalline whewellite.
(9) In patients with oxalate calculi the absorption of oxalic acid is totally increased and also in such ones with Whewellite-calculi.
(10) The prevalent types of calcium oxalate stones are: whewellite of concentric structure (linked with hyperuricemia) in Kirghizia; whewellite of small randomly orientated crystals (linked with hypercalciuria) and stones with signs of transformation of weddellite to whewellite in Moscow; (2) lesser distribution of phosphate lithiasis in Berlin than in Kirghizia and particularly in Moscow.
(11) Whewellite was the major component of calculi in all cases but the stones exhibited a peculiar morphological arrangement, with multiple small indentations and a fine mamillary structure.
(12) Tests were made, using both Vickers and Knoop indenters, on three compositions of calculi: 100% calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite), 100% uric acid, and 98% magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) mixed with 2% carbonate apatite.
(13) When the ratio of the weddellite content to the total of weddellite and whewellite (weddellite ratio) calculated using Oka's method on the infrared spectra was compared with that determined previously by TG, the correlation coefficient between these ratios was 0.734.
(14) In addition to tetragonal bipyramids, weddellite forms further crystal shapes that have been heretofore interpreted exclusively as whewellite crystals.
(15) It is formally demonstrated that along two axial directions a set of atoms is in essentially identical positions in both weddellite and whewellite.
(16) Whewellite may precipitate in the same or a similar condition as uric acid precipitates, whereas weddellite may precipitate in a different condition.
(17) Powder samples of 56 calcium oxalate stones the contents of weddellite, whewellite and apatite of which had been determined by thermogravimetry (TG) were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR).
(18) The necessity of operative removal of calculi is still relatively high in the most frequent species of calculi whewellite, weddellite, uric acid, struvite and carbonate apatite.
(19) Whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate) crystals were found to induce epitaxially the heterogeneous nucleation of brushite (calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate) from its metastable supersaturated solution in approximately one-quarter of the time required for spontaneous precipitation in the absence of added nucleating agents.
(20) Whewellite calculi were equally distributed in both race groups, while weddelite stones appeared to be much less common amongst blacks; the opposite applied for struvite and the rare ammonium acid urate stones.