(n.) An alkaloid found in opium. It has a weaker therapeutic action than morphine.
Example Sentences:
(1) Isoproterenol [IC 50 approximately 1 X 10(-9) M], prostaglandins, dibutyryl cyclic AMP [IC 50 approximately 2 X 10(-5) M], papaverine, theophylline and 5' AMP were inhibitory in the assay, whereas dibutyryl cyclic GMP and the cholinergic stimulator carbamylcholine either stimulated or had no effect on mitosis.
(2) Our work demonstrates that the systemic availability or papaverine can be markedly affected by product formulation.
(3) The amplitude was 15-70% as large as the tonic component of the K-contracture induced by 40 mM K. Theophylline (10 mM), 0.1 mM papaverine and 1 microM isoprenaline nearly abolished, and 1 mM cAMP partly depressed the tonic contraction of K-contracture, whereas the tonic contraction induced by the test solution was unaffected.
(4) In these studies, it is shown that increasing concentrations of carbamylcholine (carbachol) result in a shift to the right of the dose-response curves to (-)-isoproterenol and (-)-soterenol and a reduction of the maximum degree of relaxation produced by these agonists relative to that produced by papaverine.
(5) Similar results were obtained with vincamine (Vi) but vincamine's bronchoconstriction was not completely inhibited by papaverine.
(6) Pressure above and below the stenosis was measured intra-arterially and flow related measurements were made at rest and during reactive hyperaemia in the dog, and following papaverine administration in patients.
(7) Total bacterial counts, nitrate-reducing bacteria and nitrite concentration were determined in fasting gastric juice before and after 4 weeks of treatment with a strong or with a mild antacid drug, a placebo preparation and the spasmolytic agent papaverine which is known to inhibit gastric evacuation.
(8) To assess the role of hydrostatic pressure in edema formation, we compared lung permeability-surface area products (PS) in papaverine-treated lungs given either protamine alone or PAF + protamine and tested the effect of mechanical elevation of Pmv on protamine-induced lung edema.
(9) 50 patients were treated eith carbocromen and 50 with papaverine as controls.
(10) Aminophylline and caffeine can mimic this effect; however, papaverine and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, at concentrations inhibitory to phosphodiesterase, are without effect on glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA.
(11) The effects on these kinetics of a joint administration of Papaverine are considered.
(12) The action of papaverine was nearly similar in control and irradiated groups.
(13) In both cell cultures, changes in cyclic nucleotide levels were first observed at 6 h after viral inoculation and were maximal at 12 h. In human fibroblasts, the addition of theophylline, dibutyryl cAMP, or papaverine (cAMP-enhancing compounds) decreased significantly the yield of HSV-1, whereas the addition of insulin or dibutyryl cGMP (cGMP-enhancing compounds) increased the viral yield.
(14) In the presence of 10(-3) M-papaverine higher doses of noradrenaline evoked the non-selective cation current in some portal vein cells.
(15) During constrictions caused by norepinephrine, methylene blue significantly inhibited the renal vasodilatations caused by tertatolol, acetylcholine, papaverine and nitroglycerin but not those caused by atrial natriuretic factor.
(16) The average rates of development of the contractile and relaxation phases and their relative dependence in the acetylcholine contractile effect, after treatment with papaverine, prostaglandines E1 and F2 alpha and BaCl2, are tested on longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of guinea-pig caecum.
(17) A mixture of Hexabrix and papaverine produced a white crystalline precipitate.
(18) Papaverine is useful in vein preparation; it protects the endothelium and smooth muscle cells in the intima and media and prevents leukocyte infiltration and medial fibrosis.
(19) Nifedipine and superoxide dismutase induced small but significant relaxations in phorbol ester-contracted vessels; however, blood vessels contracted with phenylephrine and phorbol ester relaxed completely with papaverine.
(20) Bencyclan (Fludilat), used therapeutically as a vasodilator drug, exerts a distinct negative inotropic and chronotropic action on myocardium, in contrast to papaverine.
Vasodilator
Definition:
(a.) Causing dilation or relaxation of the blood vessels; as, the vasodilator nerves, stimulation of which causes dilation of the blood vessels to which they go. These nerves are also called vaso-inhibitory, and vasohypotonic nerves, since their stimulation causes relaxation and rest.
Example Sentences:
(1) With aging, the blood vessel wall becomes hyperreactive--presumably because of an augmented vasoconstrictor and a reduced vasodilator responsiveness.
(2) The effects of H1 and H2 antihistamines on a variety of physiological vasodilator responses were examined.
(3) In some animals, the response was marked vasodilation, whereas in others transient vasoconstriction preceded the vasodilation.
(4) Substance P, a potent vasodilating peptide, seems to be released from trigeminal nerve endings in response to nervous stimulation and is involved in the transmission of painful stimuli within the periphery.
(5) However, in the combined presence of an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist (yohimbine) and prazosin, PNS caused a marked neurogenic vasodilation even when the neuronal release of NE was left intact.
(6) At present, ACE inhibitors are preferred because they are usually better tolerated than conventional vasodilators and are clinically more effective.
(7) The vasodilator effect of both calcium antagonists was responsible for side effects, of which the most common were flushing, edema, headache, and palpitations.
(8) The coronary vasodilator adenosine can be formed in the heart by breakdown of AMP or S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAdoHcy).
(9) All patients were unsuccessful by treated with antiaggregants, vasodilators and haemorheological medicaments.
(10) The relaxations in response to a nonreceptor-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilator, A23187, and an endothelium-independent vasodilator, sodium nitroprusside, were not different between normal and diabetic aortas.
(11) For a subgroup of eight patients with postoperative MPAP greater than 30 mm Hg (at pH 7.35 to 7.40), pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) also significantly increased (p less than 0.05) as PaCO2 was increased, implying a direct pulmonary vasodilating effect of alkalosis.
(12) From these results, it is concluded that (1) isolated rat common carotid arteries have both H1- and H2-receptors, (2) there are few vasoconstrictory H1-receptors, (3) both H1- and H2-receptors mediate only vasodilation but not vasoconstriction, and (4) EDRF from the endothelium might participate in histamine-induced vasodilation via not only H1- but also H2-receptors.
(13) M & B 22948, a guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, enhanced the vasodilation or relaxation to the peroxide in both preparations.
(14) From these experiments it is concluded that vascular A1 and A2 adenosine receptors are present in the kidney and that activation of A1 receptors is associated with preglomerular vasoconstriction only, whereas activation of A2 receptors mediates pre- and postglomerular vasodilation with a lack of vasodilatory response of the distal afferent arteriole.
(15) Consistent with these observations, L-NMMA treatment significantly attenuated Ach-induced vasodilation in 4th-order arterioles, but it had no effect on 2nd-order arterioles.
(16) The higher degree of tachycardia in conscious dogs provoked by clenbuterol is a result of a reflex reaction to the vasodilation analogous to that of salbutamol.
(17) The reasons for this are not well understood but such factors as differing mechanisms of action, development of tolerance and unique patterns of regional redistribution of blood flow may all play a modifying role in differentiating one vasodilator from another.
(18) Vasodilation with PN 200-110 can improve cardiac performance acutely in patients with CHF.
(19) Vasodilation was not altered significantly by removal of endothelium or by pretreatment with propranolol or indometacin.
(20) Both vasoconstrictive and vasodilative phases were seen.