(n.) A word, phrase, or sentence, by way of comment or explanation, inserted in, or attached to, a sentence which would be grammatically complete without it. It is usually inclosed within curved lines (see def. 2 below), or dashes.
(n.) One of the curved lines () which inclose a parenthetic word or phrase.
Example Sentences:
(1) in parenthesis) 0.0 (4.0), +1.3 (4.0) and +0.6 (3.2) for the resting metabolic rate, -1.7 (4.0), -2.2 (3.2) and -1.7 (3.7) for arm work and +0.3 (2.0), -1.2 (2.9) and -0.3 (3.2) for leg work.
(2) After the medioeval parenthesis, it fell to Vesalius to give a new impulse to anatomical research.
(3) The enzymes used and, within parenthesis, the number of their cleavage sites on the P2 lg cc DNA molecule were: AvaI(3), BalI(1), BAMI(3), BglII(3), HaeIII (more than 40; only three were mapped), HindIII(0), HpaI(10), KpnI(3), PstI(3), SalI(2) and SmaI(2).
(4) Although a wide range of aminoacyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin derivatives (which are used to measure aminopeptidase activity) were hydrolysed by normal human cortical soluble extract, fractionation of the latter via anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography resolved only 4 separable aminopeptidase types (activity relative to alanyl aminopeptidase in parenthesis): alanyl (EC 3.4.11.14, 100%); arginyl (2 isoenzymes, EC 3.4.11.6, 15%); pyroglutamyl (EC 3.4.19.3, 4%); and leucyl (EC 3.4.11.1, 1%).
(5) Using the parenthesis as target and noise that are either identical or different in orientation, we tested predictions derived from a feature-specific inhibition model (Bjork & Murray, 1977) that explains the NRE as arising from inhibitory interactions among channels handling identical inputs.
(6) The numbers of eggs laid by the 10 specimens of each strain were respectively (viable eggs in parenthesis): 44 (26), 1 (1), 5 (0), 15 (7) and 38 (0).
(7) In PMSG study, the ED50 values per animal and per body weight (kg) in parenthesis were as follows: i. v., 0.8 (30.8); i. p., 2.0 (76.9); s. c., 2.8 (107.7) I. U. for mice, i. v., 3.6 (34.3); i. p., 8.0 (76.2); s. c., 13.2 (125.7) I. U. for syrian hamsters and i. v., 6.0 (76.8); i. p., 20.8 (73.0); s. c., 76.8 (269.5) I. U. for rats, respectively.
(8) Taking cytochromes o and b as standard for comparison, the epimastigotes samples could be grouped as follows (in parenthesis number of passages through the culture medium): 1) stocks with a relatively high content of cytochromes b and o, prevailing the former (stocks Y (116), RA (114), AF, FN, TN and MG (14 y 16); 2) stocks with a relatively low content of both cytochromes: Y (119), AWP and UP; 3) stocks with a low content of cytochrome b, without cytochrome o: CA-I and CA-I (V); 4) stocks without cytochromes: Y(117 and 118) and RA(113).
(9) Scott made sure that many letters supportive of forcible feeding were published, as well as those that were critical, and frequently attached a paragraph, in parenthesis, at the end of any one letter with which he particular disagreed.
(10) When hCG was injected into i. v., i. p. and s. c., the ED50 values per animal and per body weight (kg) in parenthesis were as follows; 0.2 (7.7), 0.3 (11.5) and 0.7 (26.9) I. U. for mice, 1.0 (9.5), 1.8 (17.1) and 2.6 (24.8) I. U. for syrian hamsters and 1.3 (4.6), 3.5 (12.3) and 7.5 (26.3) I. U. for rats, respectively.
(11) The equality or inequality in parenthesis was the relation operator which gave -1 or 0 when the expression was true of false, respectively.
(12) Saturday marks the end of a brief parenthesis in the 27-year-old’s season after a string of one-day races.
(13) What starts as a thesis about managing migration to preserve the welfare state - the fact that the NHS and many other public services owe their existence to mass migration earns an entire parenthesis towards the end - develops into a diatribe about the flaws of ethnic diversity.
(14) In parenthesis: Cameron’s fixation with “security” as a governing theme long predates Corbyn’s election.
(15) An antipathy to doctors seems one of his "preselected feelings", and the narrator takes a parenthesis – "(now where did that come from)" – to acknowledge that there is something behind this.
(16) But for Jewish people to be so quick to be thin-skinned is not good either, and is in danger of seeming coercive.Baddiel’s throwaway parenthesis on Israel’s being “deemed the nutcase pariah-state du jour”, is frankly disreputable, and gives the impression that he is “playing the antisemitism card” with more in mind than the banal misspeakings of a few footballers.
(17) After the definition, a short note in parenthesis: "usage: rare" (and today, too, the spellchecker has red-underlined the word.
(18) Excessive chromosomes in the primary tumors were usually due to extra chromosomes in the following groups (numbers of tumors involved are shown in parenthesis): No.
(19) Instrument differences (Dinamap minus Doppler) for the parallel wrap (95% confidence intervals in parenthesis) were -1.5 mmHg (-3.1, 0.0) and -3.9 mmHg (-5.6, -2.2) for the contour wrap.
(20) The definitions and significant implications of two major theoretical concepts of this meta-theory of cognition, namely structural determinism and objectivity-in-parenthesis, are discussed.
Parenthesize
Definition:
(v. t.) To make a parenthesis of; to include within parenthetical marks.
Example Sentences:
(1) The selective NK2 receptor antagonists MEN 10,376, L 659,877 and R 396 antagonized competitively the response to [PAla8] neurokinin A (4-10) with the following rank order of potency (pA2 values in parentheses): MEN 10,376 (7.41)>L 659,877 (7.15)>R 396 (6.43).
(2) If a phrase that expresses a comment about a noun can be omitted without substantially changing the meaning, and if it would be pronounced after a slight pause and with its own intonation contour, then be sure to set it off with commas (or dashes or parentheses): "The Cambridge restaurant, which had failed to clean its grease trap, was infested with roaches."
(3) The numbers in parentheses indicate the concentration (mM) required for half-maximal inhibition under the conditions used.
(4) The HbAlc at zero, three, six, nine and 12 months were as follows (SD in parentheses): 7.5 (1.2); 7.9 (1.5); 7.6 (1.2); 7.8 (1.4); and 7.9 (2.1).
(5) We propose a model for activation and catalysis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase: (see book) where E represents free inactive enzyme; complex in parentheses, activated enzyme; R, ribulose bisphosphate; M, Mg2+; C, CO2; P, the product.
(6) From this comparison between wild type and mutants, we conclude: (a) that the formation of parentheses is a primary differentiation of the plasma membrane, independent of the presence of trichocysts, while the secondary transformation of parentheses into circular arrays and the formation of the rosette are triggered by interaction between trichocysts and plasma membranes; and (b) that the formation of the rosette is a prerequisite for trichocyst exocytosis.
(7) The maximum lod scores, recombination estimates, and confidence upper bounds (in parentheses) were 91.0 at theta = .004 (.012) for CF and MET, 71.3 at theta = .003 (.011) for CF and D7S8, and 69.3 at theta = .018 (.036) for MET and D7S8.
(8) 10H2O, space group P21, a = 23.068(6) A, b = 9.162(3) A, c = 26.727(9) A, beta = 108.69(2) degrees (standard deviation of last digit is given in parentheses); overall agreement factor R = 10.1% for 5322 observed relfections [magnitude of Fo greater than 3 sigma (F)]; resolution, 0.93 A.
(9) We compared cAMP formation in response to activators (following in parentheses) of the VP receptor (VP), of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding (Gs) protein [guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S); F-], and of the catalytic subunit of adenylyl cyclase (forskolin, Mn2+) between control and DOCA-NaCl-treated rats.
(10) U.S. customary units can be presented in parentheses following the appropriate SI unit, when it is necessary for clarity.
(11) From the results, spm, Grl-1, Fim-2, and Mbp loci were mapped on chromosome 18, and the following order of genes is proposed, with distances between genes in parentheses: centromere--spm--(7.8 cM)--Grl-1--(7.8 cM)--Fim-2--(39.1 cM)--Mbp--telomere.
(12) Examination of the effect of varying the fatty acid composition in the phosphatidic acids added exogenously gave the following order (activities in parentheses); 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl- (5.58), 1-oleoyl-2-stearoyl- (5.37), 1,2-dioleoyl- (4.49) 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-(3.85), 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-(3.31), 1-arachidonoyl-2-stearoyl-(3.16), 1,2-diarachidonoyl-(0.72), 1,2-dicaproyl-(0.67), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-(0.67) and 1,2-distearoyl-(0.18).
(13) A nonrestrictive relative clause is set off by commas, dashes or parentheses, as in "The pair of shoes, which cost five thousand dollars, was hideous."
(14) (The number of isolates of each type is indicated in parentheses.)
(15) However, those drugs that were found to inhibit babesial growth included compounds (shown in parentheses) that have the following putative mitochondrial targets in the parasite: ATP synthetase complex (rhodamine 123, oligomycin, Janus Green); ATP-ADP translocase (bongkrekic acid); electron transport (rotenone, n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), antimycin A); ubiquinone (CoQ) function (BW58C, menoctone); protein synthesis (tetracycline); and the proton pump (CCCP).
(16) Several pathogens were isolated (MIC ranges [micrograms per milliliter] in parentheses): Haemophilus influenzae or Haemophilus parainfluenzae was isolated 23 times (azithromycin, less than or equal to 0.06 to 32; amoxicillin, 0.12 to 2); Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from 11 patients (azithromcyin, less than or equal to 0.06 greater than 256; amoxicillin, less than or equal to 0.06 to 0.25); Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis was isolated from eight patients (azithromycin, less than or equal to 0.06; amoxicillin, less than or equal to 0.06 to 16); and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from eight patients.
(17) The relative potencies of the inhibitory moieties of the drugs (in parentheses) and the normalized 'equiactive' oral doses employed for time-course studies were: SQ 29,852 (1.0), 100 mg kg-1; captopril (3.5), 30 mg kg-1; enalapril (12), 20 mg kg-1; fosinopril (13), 25 mg kg-1; zofenopril (20), 10 mg kg-1; lisinopril (24), 10 mg kg-1; and ramipril (51), 5 mg kg-1.
(18) Taken separately, the major aetiological fractions for cardiovascular risk factors at work are respectively (women in parentheses) 6% (14%) for monotonous high paced work, 7% (7%) for shift work, and 2% (2%) for passive smoking.
(19) The percentage of the clinical diagnoses in women who underwent pelvic and Pap smear examinations (Pap smear data are within the parentheses) were: 36.6 (29.0) no abnormal findings, 14.9 (10.5) vulvovaginitis and leukorrhea, 10.1 (9.7) cervicitis and cervical erosion, 5.6 (1.9) bleeding per os, 3.4 (0.3) abortion, and 3.3 (1.3) adnexitis.
(20) The correspondences we have assumed between the ABR components in cat and man are indicated by providing a Roman numeral designation for the human component in parentheses following the feline notation, e.g., P4 (V).