(1) The anular laminas from individuals less than 40 years of age consisted of obliquely orientated collagen fibers exhibiting a pennate arrangement.
(2) Both muscles are rather pennate, so that the increase of physiological cross-sectional area is a major factor in the determination of muscle length.
(3) Muscle length, mass, fiber pennation angle, fiber length, and sarcomere length were determined.
(4) In general, the fixed pennation assumption provides the worst estimate of muscle force output with a peak error of 0.31 Fo during isometric contractions at small muscle lengths.
(5) Relationships between length and active force (at full activation) of the lower-leg muscles were calculated by use of (i) a unipennate muscle model, (ii) a bipennate model, and (iii) bipennate models in which the cosine of the pennation angle is approximated as length independent.
(6) Muscle length, mass, fiber pennation angle, fiber length, and sarcomere length (by use of laser diffraction techniques) were determined.
(7) These findings suggest that the angulation of tendon planes, and possibly pennation angles, are different depending on the viewing angle.
(8) Measurements were made of the muscle lengths and angles of pennation from cadavers, and these were used to predict sarcomere lengths at other limb positions.
(9) The assumption that the pennation angle changed with fibre length maintained an error of less than 0.05 Fo for most lengths and velocities tested and provided the best estimate of muscle force output.
(10) The stapedius muscle showed a circum-pennate structure with a para-centrally located tendon and was composed of about 500 muscle fibers.
(11) Levels of the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, were determined in four species of pennate diatoms; changes in their levels and ratios were monitored in silicon-starved and light-dark synchronized cultures of Cylindrotheca fusiformis.
(12) The relation between muscle fibre length and angle of insertion in the myomeres showing pennate arrangement is approximated by the Benninghoff and Roll-häuser equation but the values recorded deviated systematically from the values calculated.
(13) Forward light scatter and Coulter volume were closely related (except for the pennate diatoms) over a range of about 0.01 to 30 pL (equivalent spherical diameter about 3 to 40 microns), according to a logarithmic function.
(14) Muscle length, mass, fiber pennation angle, fiber length, and sarcomere length were determined with the use of laser diffraction techniques.
(15) Specimens sectioned through the origin of the inferior head of the muscle show internal tendon lamellae consistent with a pennate structure.
(16) The fibres are short, obliquely attached to the tendon in a pennate manner and close together.
(17) Functional characteristics of the muscle tendon complex can be explained by architectural or dimensional-peculiarities emerging in the complex by growth processes of which the main is that the muscle belly of this pennated muscle grows in length mainly by increments in girth of the muscle fibers proper.
(18) No consistent relation was found between the spinal site of origin of a ventral root filament and the proximo-distal distribution of its fibres within the pennate muscle.
(19) It is also concluded that atrophy of pennate muscles does not have to be accompanied by a lower fibre and aponeurosis angle.
(20) GM is a very pennate muscle, combining relatively short muscle fibre length with sizable fibre angles and long muscle and aponeurosis lengths.
Pinnate
Definition:
(a.) Alt. of Pinnated
Example Sentences:
(1) The pinnate structure of the temporal muscle results from the internal tendons, which attach to the coronoid process.
(2) The lengths and pinnation angles of muscle fibers in the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle have recently been measured in freely moving cats [Hoffer et al., Progr.
(3) This region appeared to be composed of extrafusal fibers that were shorter and of more oblique pinnation than those in other regions.
(4) The loss of fiber force due to (pinnate, not equivalent) angulation is compensated for by the reduced shortening of fibers in multipinnate arrays.
(5) They are important in those groups of muscles which pass over major joints with changed courses or manifest pronounced pinnation with different courses of their septa.
(6) Conversely, the hamstrings, with small pinnation angles, appeared to be designed to permit large excursions.
(7) The suggestion may also apply to the development of the pinnate structure of muscles of higher vertebrates.
(8) Fiber length and angulation in the complex M. adductor mandibulae externus 2 of a lizard were measured stereotactically; these values correlate well with the hypothesis that the muscle shows equivalence and demonstrate that angulation for pinnation is less constant.
(9) Classical pinnate muscles contain many relatively short fibers positioned in parallel but at an angle to the whole muscle, reducing the per fiber force contribution.
(10) The medial pterygoid muscle with its 7 Sehnenspiegel has the most complex pinnate structure.
(11) The differences in angulation and length observed for the fibers of anatomical muscles may reflect two distinct mechanical requirements: arrangement for pinnation, reflecting an increase in physiological cross-section and arrangement for equivalent placement of sarcomeres, possibly associated with coordination.
(12) The understanding of intermediate architecture, including issues of compartmentation, pinnation, and concatenation, remains more elusive, as some morphologically distinct muscles may be functionally equivalent.
(13) The basic pinnate structures caused by Sehnenspiegel in the jaw muscles are already present in newborn animals.
(14) The medial head contains fewer type I fibers and is composed of relatively longer myofibers (15-20 mm long), also arranged in a pinnate fashion but less heavily invested with connective tissue.
(15) Therefore, if twisting has been minimized in New World monkeys as suggested by their thin corpora, other changes in the craniofacial musculoskeletal complex, such as different muscle recruitment or pinnation patterns, may be responsible.
(16) This region is largely composed of short fibers (5-7 mm long) arranged in a pinnate fashion and heavily invested with connective tissue.
(17) Three architectural patterns that deserve discussion are the classical arrangement of fibers in pinnate patterns, the more recent assumption of sarcomere equivalence, and the issue of compartmentation.
(18) Correlation of the m. triceps surae parts and degree of its pinnateness do not reveal any definite differences in connection with the complexion.
(19) Postnatal development of the masticatory musculature takes place on the basis of the pinnation existing prior to birth and consists in secondary pinnation.
(20) The PCSA of each muscle was calculated as muscle volume times the cosine of the angle of fiber pinnation divided by fiber length, where published fiber length:muscle length ratios were used to estimate fiber lengths.