What's the difference between peroxide and radical?
Peroxide
Definition:
(n.) An oxide containing more oxygen than some other oxide of the same element. Formerly peroxides were regarded as the highest oxides. Cf. Per-, 2.
Example Sentences:
(1) The hypothesis that proteins are critical targets in free radical mediated cytolysis was tested using U937 mononuclear phagocytes as targets and iron together with hydrogen peroxide to generate radicals.
(2) The data indicate that ebselen is likely to be useful in the therapy of inflammatory conditions in which reactive oxygen species, such as peroxides, play an aetiological role.
(3) Furthermore, high-density catalase-positive--but not catalase-negative--E. coli can survive and multiply in the presence of competitive, peroxide-generating streptococci.
(4) Studies were conducted in isolated, buffer-perfused rat lungs to determine if prostaglandin (PG) E1 attenuated pulmonary edema provoked by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
(5) Spontaneous lipid peroxidation in washed human spermatozoa was induced by aerobic incubation at 32 C and measured by malonaldehyde production; loss of motility during the incubation was determined simultaneously.
(6) Changes in the plasma lipid composition are observed in patients and animals with malignancy and certain other diseases that are consistent with peroxidation of plasma lipoprotein lipids.
(7) Phenobarbital pretreatment increased peroxidation due to exposure of the cells to CCl4 but not that associated with NADPH addition.
(8) Both fatty acid composition and the degree of lipid peroxidation were measured in this study in 23 OTC fish oil preparations.
(9) With the use of two methods, measurement of conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactivity, brain lipid peroxidation could be documented as a result of exposure to CO at a concentration sufficient to cause unconsciousness.
(10) In the cytochrome P-450-reconstituted system, CCl4 stimulated NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation of the system containing the P-450 form to a much greater extent than that of the system containing the P-448 form.
(11) The in vivo hepatic lipid peroxide content of rats was increased by aspirin or 4-pentenoic acid (4-PA) administration but was decreased by clofibrate (CPIB) administration.
(12) A water based 5% benzoyl peroxide gel (Benzac W5) was compared with topical 1% clindamycin phosphate solution (Cleocin T) in the treatment of acne vulgaris using a randomized, investigator blind study design.
(13) M & B 22948, a guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, enhanced the vasodilation or relaxation to the peroxide in both preparations.
(14) Accordingly, the 30-fold differences in aging rate among the mammalian species could be determined in part by peroxidation defense processes.
(15) Hence, the 2-NOF:N-acetoxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide ratios reflect the relative contributions of the two peroxidative pathways to the metabolism of N-OH-2-FAA.
(16) Vanadate-dependent oxidation of either pyridine nucleotide was inhibited by the addition of either superoxide dismutase or catalase, indicating that both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide may be intermediates in the process.
(17) Compared with 39 control subjects, 39 antioxidant-supplemented men experienced the following net reductions during the double-blind period: 20% (P = 0.012) in serum lipid peroxides, 24% (P = 0.035) in ADP-induced platelet aggregation, 42% (P = 0.040) in the rate of ATP release during aggregation, 51% (P = 0.018) in serum (platelet-produced) thromboxane B2, and 29% (P = 0.024) in plasma beta-thromboglobulin concentration.
(18) Protection against O2 toxicity was assessed in terms of lethality and pulmonary edema and of lung lipid peroxidation (assessed by measuring malondialdehyde).
(19) Serum GSSRase activity, however, was significantly decreased while serum vitamin E, and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased.
(20) From these results it is suggested that the lipid peroxidation of the brush-border membranes by addition of dithiothreitol plus Fe2+ is sensitively changed with change in ionic strength.
Radical
Definition:
(a.) Of or pertaining to the root; proceeding directly from the root.
(a.) Hence: Of or pertaining to the root or origin; reaching to the center, to the foundation, to the ultimate sources, to the principles, or the like; original; fundamental; thorough-going; unsparing; extreme; as, radical evils; radical reform; a radical party.
(a.) Belonging to, or proceeding from, the root of a plant; as, radical tubers or hairs.
(a.) Proceeding from a rootlike stem, or one which does not rise above the ground; as, the radical leaves of the dandelion and the sidesaddle flower.
(a.) Relating, or belonging, to the root, or ultimate source of derivation; as, a radical verbal form.
(a.) Of or pertaining to a radix or root; as, a radical quantity; a radical sign. See below.
(n.) A primitive word; a radix, root, or simple, underived, uncompounded word; an etymon.
(n.) A primitive letter; a letter that belongs to the radix.
(n.) One who advocates radical changes in government or social institutions, especially such changes as are intended to level class inequalities; -- opposed to conservative.
(n.) A characteristic, essential, and fundamental constituent of any compound; hence, sometimes, an atom.
(n.) Specifically, a group of two or more atoms, not completely saturated, which are so linked that their union implies certain properties, and are conveniently regarded as playing the part of a single atom; a residue; -- called also a compound radical. Cf. Residue.
(n.) A radical quantity. See under Radical, a.
(a.) A radical vessel. See under Radical, a.
Example Sentences:
(1) In conclusion, the efficacy of free tissue transfer in the treatment of osteomyelitis is geared mainly at enabling the surgeon to perform a wide radical debridement of infected and nonviable soft tissue and bone.
(2) The hypothesis that proteins are critical targets in free radical mediated cytolysis was tested using U937 mononuclear phagocytes as targets and iron together with hydrogen peroxide to generate radicals.
(3) These membrane perturbation effects not observed with bleomycin-iron in the presence of a hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethyl thiourea, or a chelating agent, desferrioxamine, were correlated with the ability of the complex to generate highly reactive oxygen species.
(4) The role of O2 free radicals in the reduction of sarcolemmal Na+-K+-ATPase, which occurs during reperfusion of ischemic heart, was examined in isolated guinea pig heart using exogenous scavengers of O2 radicals and an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
(5) Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on both fresh and on paraffin embedded samples obtained by gastroscopic biopsies in 5 patients with histologically normal gastric mucosa (20 specimens) and by radical gastrectomies in 9 cases of human gastric cancer (36 specimens).
(7) Residual cancer was found in the radical prostatectomy specimen in 11 of the 29 stage-A1 patients (38%) and in 66 of the 86 stage-A2 patients (77%).
(8) This may be due to DMSO's ability to scavenge free radicals.
(9) A more radical surgery is recommended but with the limitation that the operative method must be adapted to the operative finding.
(10) The present study explored the possibility that SOD-mimics such as desferrioxamine-Mn(III) chelate [DF-Mn] or cyclic nitroxide stable free radicals could protect from O2-.-independent damage.
(11) Treatment modalities included: partial temporal bone resection, subtotal temporal bone resection, total temporal bone resection, radical mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy, radiation therapy alone, and chemotherapy.
(12) Leaders of Tory local government are preparing radical proposals for minimum 10% cuts in public spending in the search for savings.
(13) Plays like The Workhouse Donkey (1963) and Armstrong's Last Goodnight (1964) were staged in major theatres, but as the decade progressed so his identification with the increasingly radical climate of the times began to lead away from the mainstream theatre.
(14) 78% of the recurrences were seen two years postoperatively and 27% were asymptomatic; 10% underwent radical operation, 27% palliative operation and 63% conservative treatment.
(15) The kinetics of bimolecular decay of alpha-tocopheroxyl free radicals (T) was studied by ESR mainly in ethanol and heptanol solvents.
(16) While the correlations between speed and accuracy reversed over time, the abnormal vision group began and ended at the most extreme levels, having undergone a significantly more radical shift in this regard.
(17) NPR reported that investigators have not found telltale signs associated with Islamist radicalization , such as a change in mosques or abrupt shifts in behavior or family associations.
(18) The second triplet, which was stable in the dark at 4.2 K following illumination, was assigned to the radical pair Donor+I-.
(19) It may be due to relative nonreactivity of ascorbic acid free radical that free radical chain reactions, found commonly in radical chemistry, do not occur in the scavenging reaction by ascorbic acid.
(20) The free radical scavengers mannitol, thiourea, benzoate, and 4-methylmercapto-2-oxobutyrate protected either native cells exposed to H2O2 or pretreated hepatocytes exposed to H2O2 and given ferric or ferrous iron.